Pyrazinyl substituted piperazine-piperidines with CXCR3 antagonist activity

ABSTRACT

The present application discloses a compound, or enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, racemates or prodrug of said compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters of said compound, or of said prodrug, said compound having the general structure shown in Formula 1: 
                         
and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and esters thereof. Also disclosed is a method of treating chemokine mediated diseases, such as, palliative therapy, curative therapy, prophylactic therapy of certain diseases and conditions such as inflammatory diseases (non-limiting example(s) include, psoriasis), autoimmune diseases (non-limiting example(s) include, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), graft rejection (non-limiting example(s) include, allograft rejection, xenograft rejection), infectious diseases (e.g, tuberculoid leprosy), fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, ophthalmic inflammation, type I diabetes, viral meningitis and tumors using a compound of Formula 1.

REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/653,338 filed Feb. 16, 2005, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel pyrazinyl substitutedpiperazine-piperidines with CXCR3 antagonist activity, pharmaceuticalcompositions containing one or more such antagonists, one or more suchantagonists in combination with other compounds with chemokine activity,one or more such antagonists in combination with known immunosuppressiveagents, non-limiting example(s) include Methotrexate, interferon,cyclosporin, FK-506 and FTY720, methods of preparing such antagonistsand methods of using such antagonists to modulate CXCR3 activity. Thisinvention also discloses methods of using such CXCR3 antagonists for thetreatment (non-limiting examples include palliative, curative andprophylactic therapies) of diseases and conditions where CXCR3 has beenimplicated. Diseases and conditions where CXCR3 has been implicatedinclude but are not limited to inflammatory conditions (psoriasis andinflammatory bowel disease), autoimmune disease (multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis), fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-typehypersensitivity responses, type I diabetes, viral meningitis andtuberculoid leprosy. CXCR3 antagonist activity has also been indicatedas a therapy for tumor growth suppression as well as graft rejection(allograft and zenograft rejections for example).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chemokines constitute a family of small cytokines that are produced ininflammation and regulate leukocyte recruitment (Baggiolini, M. et al.,Adv. Immunol., 55 : 97-179 (1994); Springer, T. A., Annu. Rev. Physio.,57 : 827-872 (1995); and Schall, T. J. and K. B. Bacon, Curr. Opin.Immunol, 6: 865-873 (1994)). Chemokines are capable of selectivelyinducing chemotaxis of the formed elements of the blood (other than redblood cells), including leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes,macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes, suchas T cells and B cells. In addition to stimulating chemotaxis, otherchanges can be selectively induced by chemokines in responsive cells,including changes in cell shape, transient rises in the concentration ofintracellular free calcium ions ([Ca²⁺]_(i)), granule exocytosis,integrin upregulation, formation of bioactive lipids (e.g.,leukotrienes) and respiratory burst, associated with leukocyteactivation. Thus, the chemokines are early triggers of the inflammatoryresponse, causing inflammatory mediator release, chemotaxis andextravasation to sites of infection or inflammation.

The chemokines are related in primary structure and share four conservedcysteines, which form disulfide bonds. Based upon this conservedcysteine motif, the family can be divided into distinct branches,including the C—X—C chemokines (α-chemokines) in which the first twoconserved cysteines are separated by an intervening residue (e.g., IL-8,IP-10, Mig, I-TAC, PF4, ENA-78, GCP-2, GROα, GROβ, GROδ, NAP-2, NAP-4),and the C—C chemokines (β-chemokines), in which the first two conservedcysteines are adjacent residues (e.g., MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, MCP-1,MCP-2, MCP-3, 1-309) (Baggiolini, M. and Dahinden, C. A., ImmunologyToday, 15 : 127-133 (1994)). Most CXC-chemokines attract neutrophilleukocytes. For example, the CXC-chemokines interleukin 8 (IL-8), GROalpha (GROα), and neutrophil-activating peptide 2 (NAP-2) are potentchemoattractants and activators of neutrophils. The CXC-chemokinesdesignated Mig (monokine induced by gamma interferon) and IP-10(interferon-gamma inducible 10 kDa protein) are particularly active ininducing chemotaxis of activated peripheral blood lymphocytes.CC-chemokines are generally less selective and can attract a variety ofleukocyte cell types, including monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, Tlymphocytes and natural killer cells. CC-chemokines such as humanmonocyte chemotactic proteins 1-3 (MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3), RANTES(Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted), and themacrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β (MIP-1α and MIP-1β) have beencharacterized as chemoattractants and activators of monocytes orlymphocytes, but do not appear to be chemoattractants for neutrophils.

A chemokine receptor that binds the CXC-chemokines IP-10 and Mig hasbeen cloned and characterized (Loetscher, M. et al., J. Exp. Med., 184 :963-969 (1996)). CXCR3 is a G-protein coupled receptor with seventransmembrane-spanning domains and has been shown to be restrictivelyexpressed in activated T cells, preferentially human Th1 cells. Onbinding of the appropriate ligand, chemokine receptors transduce anintracellular signal through the associated G-protein resulting in arapid increase in intracellular calcium concentration.

The receptor mediates Ca²⁺ (calcium ion) mobilization and chemotaxis inresponse to IP-10 and Mig. CXCR3 expressing cells show no significantresponse to the CXC-chemokines IL-8, GROα, NAP-2, GCP-2 (granulocytechemotactic protein-2), ENA78 (epithelial-derived neutrophil-activatingpeptide 78), PF4 (platelet factor 4), or the CC-chemokines MCP-1, MCP-2,MCP-3, MCP-4, MIP-Iα, MIP-1β, RANTES, I309, eotaxin or lymphotactin.Moreover, a third ligand for CXCR3, I-TAC (Interferon-inducible T cellAlpha Chemoattractant), has also been found to bind to the receptor withhigh affinity and mediate functional responses (Cole, K. E. et al., J.Exp. Med., 187: 2009-2021 (1998)).

The restricted expression of human CXCR3 in activated T lymphocytes andthe ligand selectivity of CXCR3 are noteworthy. The human receptor ishighly expressed in IL-2 activated T lymphocytes, but was not detectedin resting T lymphocytes, monocytes or granulocytes (Qin, S. et al., J.Clin. Invest., 101: 746-754 (1998)). Additional studies of receptordistribution indicate that it is mostly CD3⁺ cells that express CXCR3,including cells which are CD95⁺, CD45RO⁺, and CD45RA^(low), a phenotypeconsistent with previous activation, although a proportion of CD20⁺ (B)cells and CD56⁺ (NK) cells also express this receptor. The selectiveexpression in activated T lymphocytes is of interest, because otherreceptors for chemokines which have been reported to attract lymphocytes(e.g., MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES) are also expressedby granulocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, aswell as monocytes. These results suggest that the CXCR3 receptor isinvolved in the selective recruitment of effector T cells.

CXCR3 recognizes unusual CXC-chemokines, designated IP-10, Mig andI-TAC. Although these belong to the CXC-subfamily, in contrast to IL-8and other CXC-chemokines which are potent chemoattractants forneutrophils, the primary targets of IP-10, Mig and I-TAC arelymphocytes, particularly effector cells such as activated or stimulatedT lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells (Taub, D. D. et al., J. Exp.Med., 177: 18090-1814 (1993); Taub, D. D. et al., J. Immunol., 155:3877-3888 (1995); Cole, K. E. et al., J. Exp. Med., 187: 2009-2021(1998)). (NK cells are large granular lymphocytes, which lack a specificT cell receptor for antigen recognition, but possess cytolytic activityagainst cells such as tumor cells and virally infected cells.)Consistently, IP-10, Mig and I-TAC lack the ELR motif, an essentialbinding epitope in those CXC-chemokines that efficiently induceneutrophil chemotaxis (Clark-Lewis, I. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266:23128-23134 (1991); Hebert, C. A. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266 :18989-18994 (1991); and Clark-Lewis, 1. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 90: 3574-3577 (1993)). In addition, both recombinant human Mig andrecombinant human IP-10 have been reported to induce calcium flux intumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) (Liao, F. et al., J Exp. Med, 182:1301-1314 (1995)). While IP-10 has been reported to induce chemotaxis ofmonocytes in vitro (Taub, D. D. et al., J. Exp. Med., 177: 1809-1814(1993), the receptor responsible has not been identified), human Mig andI-TAC appear highly selective, and do not show such an effect (Liao, F.et al., J. Exp. Med., 182: 1301-1314 (1995); Cole, K. E. et al., J. Exp.Med., 187: 2009-2021 (1998)). IP-10 expression is induced in a varietyof tissues in inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis, fixed drugeruptions, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses andtuberculoid leprosy as well as tumors and in animal model studies, forexample, experimental glomerulonephritis, and experimental allergicencephalomyelitis. IP-10 has a potent in vivo antitumor effect that is Tcell dependent, is reported to be an inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivoand can induce chemotaxis and degranulation of NK cells in vitro,suggesting a role as a mediator of NK cell recruitment and degranulation(in tumor cell destruction, for example) (Luster, A. D. and P. Leder, J.Exp. Med., 178: 1057-1065 (1993); Luster, A. D. et al., J. Exp. Med.182: 219-231 (1995); Angiolillo, A. L. et al., J. Exp. Med., 182:155-162 (1995); Taub, D. D. et al., J. Immunol., 155: 3877-3888 (1995)).The expression patterns of IP-10, Mig and I-TAC are also distinct fromthat of other CXC chemokines in that expression of each is induced byinterferon-gamma (IFNδ), while the expression of IL-8 is down-regulatedby IFNδ (Luster, A. D. et al., Nature, 315 : 672-676 (1985); Farber, J.M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87 : 5238-5242 (1990); Farber, J. M.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 192 (1): 223-230 (1993), Liao, F. etal., J. Exp. Med., 182: 1301-1314 (1995); Seitz, M. et al., J. Clin.Invest., 87 : 463-469 (1991); Galy, A. H. M. and H. Spits, J. Immunol.,147: 3823-3830 (1991); Cole, K. E. et al., J. Exp. Med., 187 : 2009-2021(1998)).

Chemokines are recognized as the long-sought mediators for therecruitment of lymphocytes. Several CC-chemokines were found to elicitlymphocyte chemotaxis (Loetscher, P. et al., FASEB J., 8: 1055-1060(1994)), however, they are also active on granulocytes and monocytes(Uguccioni, M. et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 25 : 64-68 (1995); Baggiolini,M. and C. A. Dahinden, Immunol. Today, 15 : 127-133 (1994)). Thesituation is different for IP-10, Mig and I-TAC, which are selective intheir action on lymphocytes, including activated T lymphocytes and NKcells, and which bind CXCR3, a receptor which does not recognizenumerous other chemokines and which displays a selective pattern ofexpression.

In view of these observations, it is reasonable to conclude that theformation of the characteristic infiltrates in inflammatory lesions,such as, for example, delayed-type hypersensitivity lesions, sites ofviral infection and certain tumors is a process mediated via CXCR3 andregulated by CXCR3 expression. Lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes,bearing a CXCR3 receptor as a result of activation can be recruited intoinflammatory lesions, sites of infection and/or tumors by IP-10, Migand/or I-TAC, which can be induced locally by interferon-gamma. Thus,CXCR3 plays a role in the selective recruitment of lymphocytes,particularly effector cells such as activated or stimulated Tlymphocytes. Accordingly, activated and effector T cells have beenimplicated in a number of disease states such as graft-rejection,inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatorybowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) andpsoriasis. Thus, CXCR3 represents a promising target for the developmentof novel therapeutics.

Reference is made to PCT Publication No. WO 93/10091 (Applicant: GlaxoGroup Limited, Published May 27, 1993) which discloses piperidine aceticacid derivatives as inhibitors of fibrinogen-dependent blood plateletaggregation having the formula:

An illustrative compound of that series is:

Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 9/20606 (Applicant: J.Uriach & CIA. S. A., Published Apr. 29, 1999) which disclosespiperazines as platelet aggregation inhibitors having the formula:

Reference is also made to US Patent Application No. US 2002/0018776 A1(Applicant: Hancock, et al. Published Feb. 14, 2002) which disclosesmethods of treating graft rejection.

Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 03/098185 A2(Applicant: Renovar, Inc., Published Nov. 27, 2003) which disclosesmethods of diagnosing and predicting organ transplant rejection bydetection of chemokines, for example, CXCR3 and CCL chemokines in urine.

Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 03/082335 A1(Applicant: Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Published Oct. 9, 2003)which discloses methods of screening a CXCR3 ligand and methods ofdiagnosing type 2 diabetes by detecting the expression dose of a CXCR3ligand in a biological sample.

Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 02/085861 (Applicant:Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Published Oct. 31, 2002) whichdiscloses imidazolidine compounds and their use as CXCR3 antagonistshaving the formula:

An illustrative compound of that series is:

Reference is also made to PCT Publication No. WO 03/101970 (Applicant:SmithKline Beecham Corporation, Published Dec. 11, 2003) which disclosesimidazolium compounds and their use as CXCR3 antagonists having theformula:

An illustrative example of that series is:

Reference is also made to US Patent Application No. US 2003/0055054 A1(Applicant: Medina et al, Published Mar. 20, 2003) which disclosescompounds having the formula:

An illustrative compound of that series is:

Reference is also made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,319 (Applicant: MacCoss etal., issued Sep. 6, 2000) which discloses compounds useful as chemokinereceptor modulators having the formula:

Reference is also made to PCT Publication WO 03/070242 A1 (Applicant:CELLTECH R&D limited, Published Aug. 28, 2003) which discloses compoundsuseful as “chemokine receptor inhibitors for the treatment ofinflammatory diseases” having the formula:

There is a need for compounds that are capable of modulating CXCR3activity. For example, there is a need for new treatments and therapiesfor diseases and conditions associated with CXCR3 such as inflammatoryconditions (psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease), autoimmunedisease (multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis) and graft rejection(allograft and zenograft rejections for example) as well as infectiousdiseases, cancers and tumors, fixed drug eruptions, cutaneousdelayed-type hypersensitivity responses, type I diabetes, viralmeningitis and tuberculoid leprosy.

There is a need for methods of treatment or prevention or ameliorationof one or more symptoms of diseases and conditions associated withCXCR3. There is a need for methods for modulating CXCR3 activity usingthe compounds provided herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In its many embodiments, the invention provides novel compounds of theFormula 1:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters thereofwherein:

X is N, O, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl orheterocyclenyl;

ring D is a phenyl ring unsubstituted or optionally substituted withindependently selected R²⁰ moieties as stated below;

R¹ and R² are independently absent or present, and if present each isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy,alkenyl, carbonyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl-, cycloalkenyl,alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, amino, alkylamino, amidinyl, carboxamido,cyano, hydroxyl, urea, —N≡CH, ═NCN, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,—C(═S)N(H)alkyl, —N(H)—S(O)₂-alkyl, —N(H)C(═O)N(H)-alkyl, —S(O)₂alkyl,—S(O)₂N(H)alkyl, —S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, —S(O)₂aryl, —C(═S)N(H)cycloalkyl,—C(═O)N(H)NH₂, —C(═O)alkyl, -heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, andheterocyclenyl; or alternatively when X is N, the N taken together withthe R¹ and R² forms a heterocycyl, heteroaryl or —N═C(NH₂)₂;

R³ and R⁶ moieties can be the same or different, each beingindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl,aralkyl, —CN, CF₃, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyalkyl,—N═CH—(R³¹), —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —SO₂(R³¹),—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂ and —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹;

R⁷ and R⁸ are the same or different, each being independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, hydroxyl,—CN, alkoxy, alkylamino, —N(H)S(O)₂alkyl and —N(H)C(═O)N(H)alkyl; oralternatively R⁷ and R⁸ taken together is ═O, ═S, ═NH, ═N(alkyl),═N(Oalkyl), ═N(OH) or cycloalkyl;

the R¹⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, —CO₂H,hydroxyalkyl, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —OR³⁰, halogen, ═O, and —C(═O)R³¹;

the R¹¹ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, carboxamide, CO₂H, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —OR³⁰, halogen, ═O, and —C(═O)R³¹;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, —CN,—C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, and —S(O₂)R³¹;

the R²⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkylaryl,alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthiocarboxy, alkylheteroaryl,alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl,amidinyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkoxy, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkylthio,aryl, aroyl, aryloxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, formyl,guanidinyl, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxamate, nitro,trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,-alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NR³⁰)NHR³⁰,—C(═NOH)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NOR³¹)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹,—N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)S(O)₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰,—SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹), —O(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, and —OSi(R³⁰)₃;or alternatively two R²⁰ moieties are linked together to form a five orsix membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, orheteroaryl ring wherein said five or six membered aryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl ring is fused to ring D andthe fused ring is optionally substituted with 0-4 R²¹ moieties;

the R²¹ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkylaryl,alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthiocarboxy, alkylheteroaryl,alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl,amidinyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkoxy, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkylthio,aryl, aroyl, aryloxy, carboxamido, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,formyl, guanidinyl, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxamate, nitro,trifluoromethoxy, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, (CH₂)_(q)NH₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, (CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,-alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂—C(═NR³⁰)NHR³⁰,—C(═NOH)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NOR³¹)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹,—N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)S(O)₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰,—SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹), and —OSi(R³⁰)₃;

Y is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹³R¹³)_(r)—,—CHR¹³C(═O)—, —(CHR¹³)_(r)O—, —(CHR¹³)_(r) N(R³⁰)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR³⁰)—,—C(═N—OR³⁰)—, —CH(C(═O)NHR³⁰)—, CH-heteroaryl-,—C(R¹³R¹³)_(r)C(R¹³)═C(R¹³)—, —(CHR¹³)_(r)C(═O)— and—(CHR¹³)_(r)N(H)C(═O)—; or alternatively Y is cycloalkyl,heterocyclenyl, or heterocyclyl wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl,or heterocyclyl is fused with the phenyl ring marked D;

the R¹³ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl,alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, spiroalkyl, —CN,—CO₂H, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)OR³¹, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —(CHR³⁰)_(q)OH,—(CHR³⁰)_(q)OR³¹, —(CHR³⁰)_(q)NH₂, —(CH R³⁰)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, —NH₂, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —OH, OR³⁰, —SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, and —SO₂(R³¹);

the R³⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl,aralkyl, cycloalkyl, CN, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)Oalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)Ocycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)NHaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂cycloalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aryl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHcycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl;

the R³¹ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, aralkyl,cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)Oaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)Ocycloalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)N(alkyl)₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂cycloalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aryl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHcycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl;

m is 0 to 4;

n is 0 to 4;

p is 0 to 5;

each q can be the same or different, each being independently selectedfrom 1 to 5; and

r is 1 to 4;

with the proviso that there are no two adjacent double bonds in anyring, and that when a nitrogen is substituted by two alkyl groups, saidtwo alkyl groups may be optionally joined to each other to form a ring.

The present invention also provides novel compounds of the Formula 1, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or esters thereof, wherein:

X is N, O, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl orheterocyclenyl;

ring D is a phenyl ring unsubstituted or optionally substituted withindependently selected R²⁰ moieties as stated below;

R¹ and R² are independently absent or present, and if present each isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy,alkenyl, carbonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl,amino, alkylamino, amidinyl, carboxamido, cyano, hydroxyl, urea, —N≡CH,═NCN, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, —C(═S)N(H)alkyl,—N(H)—S(O)₂-alkyl, —N(H)C(═O)N(H)-alkyl, —S(O)₂alkyl, —S(O)₂N(H)alkyl,—S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, —S(O)₂aryl, —C(═S)N(H)cycloalkyl, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂,—C(═O)alkyl, -heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclenyl; oralternatively when X is N, the N taken together with the R¹ and R² formsa heterocycyl, heteroaryl or —N═C(NH₂)₂;

R³ and R⁶ moieties can be the same or different, each beingindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl,aralkyl, —CN, CF₃, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyalkyl,—N═CH—(R³¹), —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —SO₂(R³¹),—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂ and —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹;

R⁷ and R⁸ are the same or different, each being independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, hydroxyl,—CN, alkoxy, alkylamino, —N(H)S(O)₂alkyl and —N(H)C(═O)N(H)alkyl; oralternatively R⁷ and R⁸ taken together is ═O, ═S, ═NH, ═N(alkyl),═N(Oalkyl), ═N(OH) or cycloalkyl;

the R¹⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, —CO₂H,hydroxyalkyl, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)OH,—(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —OR³⁰, halogen, ═O,and —C(═O)R³¹;

the R¹¹ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, carboxamide, CO₂H, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —OR³⁰, halogen, ═O, and —C(═O)R³¹;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, —CN,—C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, (CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹—(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, and —S(O₂)R³¹;

the R²⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkylaryl,alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthiocarboxy, alkylheteroaryl,alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl,amidinyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkoxy, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkylthio,aryl, aroyl, aryloxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, formyl,guanidinyl, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxamate, nitro, trifluoromethoxy,—(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰,—C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NR³⁰)NHR³⁰, —C(═NOH)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NOR³¹)N(R³⁰)₂,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹),—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)S(O)₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰,—OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰, —SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹), and—OSi(R³⁰)₃; or alternatively two R²⁰ moieties are linked together toform a five or six membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl ring wherein said five or six memberedaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl ring isfused to ring D and the fused ring is optionally substituted with 0-4R²¹ moieties;

the R²¹ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkylaryl,alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthiocarboxy, alkylheteroaryl,alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl,amidinyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkoxy, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkylthio,aryl, aroyl, aryloxy, carboxamido, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,formyl, guanidinyl, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxamate, nitro,trifluoromethoxy, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,-alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NR³⁰)NHR³⁰,—C(═NOH)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NOR³¹)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹,—N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)S(O)₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰,—SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹), and —OSi(R³⁰)₃;

Y is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹³R¹³)_(r)—,—CHR¹³C(═O)—, —(CHR¹³)_(r)O—, —(CHR¹³)_(r) N(R³⁰)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR³⁰)—,—C(═N—OR³⁰)—, —CH(C(═O)NHR³⁰)—, CH-heteroaryl-,—C(R¹³R¹³)_(r)C(R¹³)═C(R¹³)—, —(CHR¹³)_(r)C(═O)— and—(CHR¹³)_(r)N(H)C(═O)—; or alternatively Y is cycloalkyl,heterocyclenyl, or heterocyclyl wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl,or heterocyclyl is fused with the phenyl ring marked D;

the R¹³ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl,alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, spiroalkyl, —CN,—CO₂H, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —(CHR³⁰)_(q)OH, —(CHR³⁰)_(q)OR³¹,—(CHR³⁰)_(q)NH₂, —(CH R³⁰)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, —NH₂, —N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —OH, OR³⁰, —SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, and—SO₂(R³¹);

the R³⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl,aralkyl, cycloalkyl, CN, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)Oalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)Ocycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)NHaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂cycloalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aryl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHcycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl;

the R³¹ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, aralkyl,cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)Oaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)Oaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)Ocycloalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)N(alkyl)₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHcycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkylaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂cycloalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂alkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aryl,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂aralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkylaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHcycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl;

m is 0 to 4;

n is 0 to 4;

p is 0 to 5;

each q can be the same or different, each being independently selectedfrom 1 to 5; and

r is 1 to 4;

with the proviso that there are no two adjacent double bonds in anyring, and that when a nitrogen is substituted by two alkyl groups, saidtwo alkyl groups may be optionally joined to each other to form a ring.

A further feature of the invention is a pharmaceutical compositioncontaining as active ingredient at least one compound of Formula 1together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier orexcipient.

The invention provides methods of preparing compounds of Formula 1, aswell as methods for treating diseases, for example, treatment (e.g.,palliative therapy, curative therapy, prophylactic therapy) of certaindiseases and conditions e.g., inflammatory diseases (e.g., psoriasis),autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis),graft rejection (e.g., allograft rejection, xenograft rejection),infectious diseases and tumors. The invention provides a method oftreating a CXCR3 chemokine mediated disease in a patient in need of suchtreatment comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound of Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof.

The invention provides methods of treating diseases, for example,treatment (e.g., palliative therapy, curative therapy, prophylactictherapy) of certain diseases and conditions such as inflammatorydiseases (e.g., psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease), autoimmunediseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), graftrejection (e.g., allograft rejection, xenograft rejection), infectiousdiseases as well as cancers and tumors, fixed drug eruptions, cutaneousdelayed-type hypersensitivity responses, ophthalmic inflammation or dryeye, type I diabetes, viral meningitis and tuberculoid leprosycomprising administering: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound according to Formula 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrently or sequentiallywith (b) at least one medicament selected from the group consisting of:disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs; COX-2 selective inhibitors; COX-1 inhibitors; immunosuppressives(such as cyclosporins and methotrexate); steroids (includingcorticosteroids such as glucorticoids); PDE IV inhibitors, anti-TNF-αcompounds, TNF-α-convertase (TACE) inhibitors, MMP inhibitors, cytokineinhibitors, glucocorticoids, other chemokine inhibitors such as CCR2 andCCR5, CB2-selective inhibitors, p38 inhibitors, biological responsemodifiers; anti-inflammatory agents and therapeutics.

The invention also provides a method of modulating (inhibiting orpromoting) an inflammatory response in an individual in need of suchtherapy. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound (e.g., small organic molecule) which inhibits orpromotes mammalian CXCR3 function in an individual in need thereof. Alsodisclosed is a method of inhibiting or blocking T-cell mediatedchemotaxis in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate orester thereof.

Also disclosed is a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease (suchCrohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) in a patient in need of suchtreatment comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound of Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof.

Also disclosed is a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease in apatient in need of such treatment comprising administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of: (a) at least one compoundof Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or esterthereof concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one compoundselected from the group consisting of: sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylicacid, sulfapyridine, anti-TNF compounds, anti-IL-12 compounds,corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, T-cell receptor directed therapies(such as anti-CD3 antibodies), immunosuppresives, methotrexate,azathioprine, and 6-mercaptopurines.

Also disclosed is a method of treating graft rejection in a patient inneed of such treatment comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of Formula 1,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof.

Also disclosed is a method of treating graft rejection in a patient inneed of such treatment comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of: (a) at least one compound ofFormula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or esterthereof concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one compoundselected from the group consisting of: cyclosporine A, FK-506, FTY720,beta-interferon, rapamycin, mycophenolate, prednisolone, azathioprine,cyclophosphamide and an antilymphocyte globulin.

Also disclosed is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a patientin need of such treatment the method comprising administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of: (a) a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound of Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrentlyor sequentially with (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: beta-interferon, glatiramer acetate, corticosteroids,glucocorticoids, methotrexate, azothioprine, mitoxantrone, VLA-4inhibitors, FTY720, anti-IL-12 inhibitors, and CB2-selective inhibitors.

Also disclosed is a method of treating multiple sclerosis in a patientin need of such treatment the method comprising administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of: (a) a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound of Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrentlyor sequentially with (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: methotrexate, cyclosporin, leflunomide, sulfasalazine,corticosteroids, β-methasone, β-interferon, glatiramer acetate,prednisone, etonercept, and infliximab.

Also disclosed is a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis in a patientin need of such treatment the method comprising administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of: (a) at least one compoundof Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or esterthereof concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one compoundselected from the group consisting of: non-steroidal anti-inflammatoryagents, COX-2 inhibitors, COX-1 inhibitors, immunosuppressives,cyclosporine, methotrexate, steroids, PDE IV inhibitors, anti-TNF-αcompounds, MMP inhibitors, corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, chemokineinhibitors, CB2-selective inhibitors, caspase (ICE) inhibitors and otherclasses of compounds indicated for the treatment of rheumatoidarthritis.

Also disclosed is a method of treating psoriasis in a patient in need ofsuch treatment the method comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of: a) at least one compound of Formula1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereofconcurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one compound selectedfrom the group consisting of: immunosuppressives, cyclosporins,methotrexate, steroids, corticosteroids, anti-TNF-α compounds, anti-ILcompounds, anti-IL-23 compounds, vitamin A and D compounds andfumarates.

Also disclosed is a method of treating ophthalmic inflammation(including, for e.g., uveitis, posterior segment intraocularinflammation, Sjogren's syndrome) or dry eye in a patient in need ofsuch treatment the method comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of: a) at least one compound accordingto Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or esterthereof concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one compoundselected from the group consisting of: immunosuppressives, cyclosporins,methotrexate, FK506, steroids, corticosteroids, and anti-TNF-αcompounds.

Also disclosed is a method of treating a disease selected from the groupconsisting of: inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiplesclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, graft rejection, psoriasis, fixeddrug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity responses,ophthalmic inflammation (including e.g., uveitis, posterior segmentintraocular inflammation, and Sjogren's syndrome), tuberculoid leprosyand cancer in a patient in need of such treatment, such methodcomprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at leastone compound according to Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, solvate or ester thereof.

The invention also provides a method of treating a disease selected fromthe group consisting of: inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis,multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, graft rejection,psoriasis, fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivityresponses and tuberculoid leprosy, ophthalmic inflammation, type Idiabetes, viral meningitis and cancer in a patient in need of suchtreatment, such method comprising administering to the patient aneffective amount of (a) at least one compound according to Formula 1, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereofconcurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one medicament selectedfrom the group consisting of: disease modifying antirheumatic drugs;nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; COX-2 selective inhibitors; COX-1inhibitors; immunosuppressives; steroids; PDE IV inhibitors, anti-TNF-αcompounds, MMP inhibitors, corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, chemokineinhibitors, CB2-selective inhibitors, biological response modifiers;anti-inflammatory agents and therapeutics.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The terms used herein have their ordinary meaning and the meaning ofsuch terms is independent at each occurrence thereof. Thatnotwithstanding and except where stated otherwise, the followingdefinitions apply throughout the specification and claims. Chemicalnames, common names, and chemical structures may be used interchangeablyto describe the same structure. These definitions apply regardless ofwhether a term is used by itself or in combination with other terms,unless otherwise indicated. Hence, the definition of “alkyl” applies to“alkyl” as well as the “alkyl” portions of “hydroxyalkyl,” “haloalkyl,”“alkoxy,” etc.

As used above, and throughout the specification, the following terms,unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the followingmeanings:

“Alkenyl” means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least onecarbon-carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched andcomprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferredalkenyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; andmore preferably about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branchedmeans that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl orpropyl, are attached to a linear alkenyl chain. “Lower alkenyl” meansabout 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight orbranched. The alkenyl group may be substituted by one or moresubstituents which may be the same or different, each substituent beingindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, alkoxyl, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cyano,heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, amino, aminosulfonyl, halo,carboxyl, carboxyalkyl (non-limiting example(s) include ester),alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, carbonyl (non-limiting example(s) includeketone), —C(═O)heterocyclyl, formyl (non-limiting example(s) includealdehyde), carboxamido (i.e. amido, —C(═O)NH₂), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂,—C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(cycloalkyl)₂, —C(═O)NH(cycloalkyl),—NHC(═O)alkyl, urea (e.g. —NH(C═O)NH₂, —NH(C═O)NH(alkyl),—NH(C═O)NH(alkyl)₂, —NH(C═O)NH(heteroaryl), —NH(C═O)NH(heterocyclyl)),guanidinyl, —NHC(═NCN)NH₂, —NHC(═NCN)N(alkyl)₂, carbamoyl (i.e.—CO₂NH₂), NHC(═O)Oalkyl, —CO₂N(alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O))NH—S(O)₂alkyl,—NHC(═O)N(alkyl)₂-S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂heteroaryl,—N(alkyl)-S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂aryl, —N(alkyl)-S(O)₂aryl, —NH—S(O)₂NH₂,—NH—S(O)₂NHalkyl, —NH—S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkylthiocarboxy, —S(O)₂alkyl,—S(O)₂aryl, —OS(O)₂alkyl, —OS(O)₂aryl, sulfonyl urea (non-limitingexample(s) include NHC(═S)NHalkyl). Non-limiting examples of suitablealkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl,n-pentenyl, octenyl and decenyl.

“Alkyl” means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight orbranched and comprising about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms in the chain.Preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in thechain. More preferred alkyl groups contain about 1 to about 6 carbonatoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groupssuch as methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached to a linear alkyl chain.“Lower alkyl” means a group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms inthe chain which may be straight or branched. The alkyl group may besubstituted by one or more substituents which may be the same ordifferent, each substituent being independently selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyl, aryl, aryloxy,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cyano, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, amino, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —NH(cycloalkyl),—N(cycloalkyl)₂, —NH(aryl), —N(aryl)₂, —NH(heteroaryl), —N(heteroaryl)₂,—NH(heterocyclyl), N(heterocyclyl)₂, halo, hydroxy, carboxyl,carboxyalkyl (non-limiting example(s) include ester), alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, carbonyl (non-limiting example(s) include ketone),—C(═O)heterocyclyl, formyl, carboxamido (i.e. amido, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(cycloalkyl)₂,—C(═O)NH(cycloalkyl)), —NHC(═O)alkyl, amidinyl, hydrazidyl, hydroxamate,—NHC(═O)H, —NHC(═O)alkyl, urea (non-limiting example(s) include—NH(C═O)NH₂, —NH(C═O)NH(alkyl), —NH(C═O)N(alkyl)₂,—NH(C═O)NH(heteroaryl), —NH(C═O)NH(heterocyclyl)), guanidinyl,—NHC(═NCN)NH₂, —NHC(═NCN)N(alkyl)₂, carbamoyl (i.e., —CO₂NH₂),—NHC(═O)Oalkyl, —CO₂N(alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O)NH—S(O)₂alkyl,—NHC(═O)N(alkyl)-S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂heteroaryl,—N(alkyl)-S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂aryl, —N(alkyl)-S(O)₂aryl, —NH—S(O)₂NH₂,—NH—S(O)₂NHalkyl, —NH—S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, thio, alkylthio, alkylthiocarboxy,—S(O)alkyl, —S(O)₂alkyl, —S(O)₂aryl, —OS(O)₂alkyl, —OS(O)₂aryl, sulfonylurea (non-limiting example(s) include —NHC(═S)NHalkyl) and OSi(alkyl)₃.Non-limiting examples of suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, decyl,fluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and cyclopropylmethyl.

“Alkylheteroaryl” means an alkyl-heteroaryl-group wherein the alkyl isas previously described and the bond to the parent moiety is through theheteroaryl group.

“Alkylamino” means an —NH2 or —NH3+ group in which one or more of thehydrogen atoms on the nitrogen is replaced by an alkyl group as definedabove. The bond to the parent is through the nitrogen.

“Alkylaryl” means an alkyl-aryl-group in which the alkyl and aryl are asdescribed herein. Preferred alkylaryls comprise a lower alkyl group.Non-limiting examples of suitable alkylaryl groups include o-tolyl,p-tolyl and xylyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the aryl.

“Alkylthio” means an alkyl-S— group in which the alkyl group is asdescribed herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkylthio groupsinclude methylthio, ethylthio, i-propylthio and heptylthio. The bond tothe parent moiety is through the sulfur.

“Alkylthiocarboxy” means an alkyl-S—C(═O)O— group. Preferred groups arethose in which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. The bond to the parentmoiety is through the carboxy.

“Alkylsulfonyl” means an alkyl-S(O)₂— group. Preferred groups are thosein which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. The bond to the parent moietyis through the sulfonyl.

“Alkylsulfinyl” means an alkyl-S(O)— group. Preferred groups are thosein which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. The bond to the parent moietyis through the sulfinyl.

“Alkynyl” means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least onecarbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched andcomprising about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferredalkynyl groups have about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; andmore preferably about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Branchedmeans that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl orpropyl, are attached to a linear alkynyl chain. “Lower alkynyl” meansabout 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight orbranched. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynyl groups includeethynyl, propynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-methylbutynyl, n-pentynyl, and decynyl.The alkynyl group may be substituted by one or more substituents whichmay be the same or different, each substituent being independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxyl, aryl, aryloxy,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cyano, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —NH(cycloalkyl),—N(cycloalkyl)₂, —NH(aryl), —N(aryl)₂, —NH(heteroaryl), —N(heteroaryl)₂,—NH(heterocyclyl), N(heterocyclyl)₂, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,carbonyl (non-limiting example(s) include ketone), —C(═O)heterocyclyl,carboxamido (i.e. amido, —C(═O)NH₂), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —C(═O)NH(alkyl),—C(═O)N(cycloalkyl)₂, —C(═O)NH(cycloalkyl)), alkylC(═O)NH—,—NHC(═O)alkyl), urea (e.g. —NH(C═O)NH₂), —NH(C═O)NH(alkyl),—NH(C═O)NH(alkyl)₂, —NH(C═O)NH(heteroaryl), —NH(C═O)NH(heterocyclyl),—S(O)₂alkyl, and —S(O)₂aryl.

“Alkoxy” means an alkyl-O— group in which the alkyl group is aspreviously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable alkoxy groupsinclude methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, heptoxy andmethylhydroxy. The bond to the parent moiety is through the etheroxygen.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” means an alkyl-O—C(═O)— group. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl andethoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the carbonyl.

“Aminoalkyl” means an amine-alkyl-group in which alkyl is as previouslydefined. Preferred aminoalkyls contain lower alkyl. Non-limitingexamples of suitable aminoalkyl groups include aminomethyl and2-Dimethlylamino-2-ethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through thealkyl.

“Amidinyl” means —C(═NR)NHR group. The R groups are defined as H, alkyl,alkylaryl, heteroaryl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, ester, CN, —NHSO₂alkyl,—NHSO₂Aryl, —NHC(═O)NHalkyl, and —NHalkyl. The bond to the parent moietyis through the carbon.

“Aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” means an aryl-alkyl-group in which the aryl andalkyl are as previously described. Preferred aralkyls comprise a loweralkyl group attached to the aryl group. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable aralkyl groups include phenylmethylene, 2-phenethyl andnaphthalenylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.

“Aralkenyl” means an aryl-alkenyl-group in which the aryl and alkenylare as previously described. Preferred aralkenyls contain a loweralkenyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkenyl groupsinclude 2-phenethenyl and 2-naphthylethenyl. The bond to the parentmoiety is through the alkenyl.

“Aralkylthio” means an aralkyl-S— group in which the aralkyl group is aspreviously described. Non-limiting example of a suitable aralkylthiogroup is benzylthio. The bond to the parent moiety is through thesulfur.

“Aralkoxy” means an aralkyl-O— group in which the aralkyl group is asdescribed above. The bond to the parent moiety is through the oxygengroup.

“Aralkoxycarbonyl” means an aralkyl-O—C(═O)— group. Non-limiting exampleof a suitable aralkoxycarbonyl group is benzyloxycarbonyl. The bond tothe parent moiety is through the carbonyl.

“Aroyl” means an aryl-C(═O)— group in which the aryl group is aspreviously described. The bond to the parent moiety is through thecarbonyl. Non-limiting examples of suitable groups include benzoyl and1- and 2-naphthoyl.

“Aryl” (sometimes abbreviated “Ar”) means an aromatic monocyclic ormulticyclic ring system comprising about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms,preferably about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. The aryl group can beoptionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” whichmay be the same or different, and are as defined herein. Non-limitingexamples of suitable aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl.

“Aryloxy” means an aryl-O— group in which the aryl group is aspreviously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryloxy groupsinclude phenoxy and naphthoxy. The bond to the parent moiety is throughthe ether oxygen.

“Aryloxycarbonyl” means an aryl-O—C(═O)— group. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable aryloxycarbonyl groups include phenoxycarbonyl andnaphthoxycarbonyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through thecarbonyl.

“Arylsulfonyl” means an aryl-S(O)₂— group. The bond to the parent moietyis through the sulfonyl.

“Arylsulfinyl” means an aryl-S(O)— group. The bond to the parent moietyis through the sulfinyl.

“Arylthio” means an aryl-S— group in which the aryl group is aspreviously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable arylthio groupsinclude phenylthio and naphthylthio. The bond to the parent moiety isthrough the sulfur.

“Carboxyalkyl” means an alkyl-C(═O)O— group. The bond to the parentmoiety is through the carboxy.

“Carboxamido” means —C(═O)NRR wherein R is H, alkyl, amino, aryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl, heteroaryl and carboxamido. The bond to theparent moiety is through the carboxy.

Carbamates and urea substituents refer to groups with oxygens andnitrogens respectively adjacent an amide; representative carbamate andurea substituents include the following:

“Cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring systemcomprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about10 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl rings contain about 5 to about 7ring atoms. The cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with one ormore “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, andare as defined above. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocycliccycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyland the like. Non-limiting examples can include bicyclic cycloalkylssuch as bicycloheptane. Non-limiting examples of suitable multicycliccycloalkyls include 1-decalin, norbornyl, adamantyl and the like.

“Cycloalkenyl” means a non-aromatic mono or multicyclic ring systemcomprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about10 carbon atoms which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.Preferred cycloalkenyl rings contain about 5 to about 7 ring atoms. Thecycloalkenyl can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring systemsubstituents” which may be the same or different, and are as definedabove. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic cycloalkenylsinclude cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and the like.Non-limiting example of a suitable multicyclic cycloalkenyl isnorbornylenyl. The term “cycloalkenyl” additionally means moieties suchas cyclobutenedione, cyclopentenone, cyclopentenedione and the like.

“Halogen” (or halo) means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.Preferred are fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

“Haloalkyl” means an alkyl as defined above wherein one or more hydrogenatoms on the alkyl is replaced by a halo group defined above.

“Heteroaryl” means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring systemcomprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the ring atoms is an elementother than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or incombination. Preferred heteroaryls contain about 5 to about 6 ringatoms. The “heteroaryl” can be optionally substituted by one or more“ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and areas defined herein. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heteroarylroot name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atomrespectively, is present as a ring atom. The nitrogen or sulfur atom ofthe heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide,S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable heteroarylsinclude pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, isoxazolyl,isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl,pyrazolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl,phthalazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl,benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl,quinolinyl, imidazolyl, thienopyridyl, quinazolinyl, thienopyrimidyl,pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoazaindolyl,1,2,4-triazinyl, benzothiazolyl and the like.

“Heterocyclyl” (or heterocycloalkyl) means a non-aromatic saturatedmonocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 3 to about 10ring atoms, preferably about 5 to about 10 ring atoms, in which one ormore of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon,for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. Thereare no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. Theprefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that atleast a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is present as aring atom. The heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted by one or more“ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and areas defined herein. The nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl canbe optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide orS,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclylrings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,oxazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl,1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.

“Heterocyclenyl” means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ringsystem comprising about 3 to about 10 ring atoms, preferably about 5 toabout 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ringsystem is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen orsulfur atom, alone or in combination, and which contains at least onecarbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. There are noadjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system.Preferred heterocyclenyl rings contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.The prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclenyl root name meansthat at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom respectively is presentas a ring atom. The heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted by oneor more ring system substituents, wherein “ring system substituent” isas defined above. The nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclenyl canbe optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide orS,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclicazaheterocyclenyl groups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine,1,2-dihydropyridyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, dihydro-2-pyrrolinyl,dihydro-3-pyrrolinyl, dihydro-2-imidazolinyl, dihydro-2-pyrazolinyl,dihydro-4,5-trizolyl and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitableoxaheterocyclenyl groups include 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, dihydrofuranyl,fluorodihydrofuranyl, and the like. Non-limiting example of a suitablemulticyclic oxaheterocyclenyl group is 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl.Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic thiaheterocyclenyl ringsinclude thiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiopyranyl, and the like.

“Heteroaralkyl” means a heteroaryl-alkyl-group in which the heteroaryland alkyl are as previously described. Preferred heteroaralkyls containa lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groupsinclude pyridylmethyl, 2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl and quinolin-(3-yl)methyl.The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.

“Heteroaralkenyl” means an heteroaryl-alkenyl-group in which theheteroaryl and alkenyl are as previously described. Preferredheteroaralkenyls contain a lower alkenyl group. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable heteroaralkenyl groups include 2-(pyrid-3-yl)ethenyl and2-(quinolin-3-yl)ethenyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through thealkenyl.

“Hydroxyalkyl” means a HO-alkyl-group in which alkyl is as previouslydefined. Preferred hydroxyalkyls contain lower alkyl. Non-limitingexamples of suitable hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl and2-hydroxyethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.

“Hydroxamate” means an alkyl-C(═O)NH—O— group. The bond to the parentmoiety is through the oxygen group.

“Spiroalkyl” means an alkylene group wherein two carbon atoms of analkyl group are attached to one carbon atom of a parent molecular groupthereby forming a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring of three to elevenatoms. Representative structures include examples such as:

The spiroalkyl groups of this invention:

can be optionally substituted by one or more ring system substituents,wherein “ring system substituent” is as defined herein.

“Ring system substituent” means a substituent attached to an aromatic ornon-aromatic ring system which, for example, replaces an availablehydrogen on the ring system. Ring system substituents may be the same ordifferent, each being independently selected from the group consistingof H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyl, aryl, aroyl, aryloxy,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl,alkylaryl, alkylheteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkoxy,aralkoxycarbonyl, amino, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —NH(cycloalkyl),—N(cycloalkyl)₂, —NH(aryl), —N(aryl)₂, —NH(heteroaryl), —N(heteroaryl)₂,—NH(heterocyclyl), N(heterocyclyl)₂, halo, hydroxy, carboxyl,carboxyalkyl (non-limiting example(s) include ester), cyano,alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, carbonyl (non-limiting example(s) includeketone), —C(═O)heterocyclyl, formyl (non-limiting example(s) includealdehyde), carboxamido (i.e. amido, —C(═O)NH₂), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂,—C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(cycloalkyl)₂, —C(═O)NH(cycloalkyl),alkylC(═O)NH—, -amidino, hydrazido, hydroxamate, —NHC(═O)H,—NHC(═O)alkyl, urea (e.g. —NH(C═O)NH₂), —NH(C═O)NH(alkyl),—NH(C═O)NH(alkyl)₂, —NH(C═O)NH(heteroaryl), —NH(C═O)NH(heterocyclyl),guanidinyl, —NHC(═NCN)NH₂, —NHC(═NCN)N(alkyl)₂, carbamoyl (i.e.—CO₂NH₂), NHC(═O)Oalkyl, —CO₂N(alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O))NH—S(O)₂alkyl,—NHC(═O)N(alkyl)₂-S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂heteroaryl,—N(alkyl)-S(O)₂alkyl, —NH—S(O)₂aryl, —N(alkyl)-S(O)₂aryl, —NH—S(O)₂NH₂,—NH—S(O)₂NHalkyl, —NH—S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂,thio, alkylthiocarboxy, —S(O)₂alkyl—S(O)₂aryl, —OS(O)₂alkyl, —OS(O)₂aryl, sulfonyl urea (non-limitingexample(s) include —NHC(═S)NHalkyl) and OSi(alkyl)₃.

“Ring system substituent” also means a cyclic ring of 3 to 7 ring atomsof which may contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms, attached to an aryl,heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclenyl ring by simultaneouslysubstituting two ring hydrogen atoms on said aryl, heteroaryl,heterocyclyl or heterocyclenyl ring. Non-limiting examples include:

and the like.

The term “optionally substituted” means optional substitution with thespecified groups, radicals or moieties, in available position orpositions.

With reference to the number of moieties (non-limiting example(s)include, substituents, groups or rings) in a compound, unless otherwisedefined, the phrases “one or more” and “at least one” mean that, therecan be as many moieties as chemically permitted, and the determinationof the maximum number of such moieties is well within the knowledge ofthose skilled in the art. Preferably, there are one to threesubstituents, or more preferably, one to two substituents, with at leastone in the para position.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass aproduct comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts,as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, fromcombination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

The straight line — as a bond generally indicates a mixture of, oreither of, the possible isomers, non-limiting example(s) include,containing (R)— and (S)— stereochemistry. For example,

-   -    means containing both

Lines drawn into the ring systems, such as, for example:

indicate that the indicated line (bond) may be attached to any of thesubstitutable ring carbon atoms.

As well known in the art, a bond drawn from a particular atom wherein nomoiety is depicted at the terminal end of the bond indicates a methylgroup bound through that bond to the atom, unless stated otherwise. Forexample:

-   -    represents

It should also be noted that any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences inthe text, schemes, examples, structural formulae, and any Tables hereinis assumed to have the hydrogen atom or atoms to satisfy the valences.

Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are alsocontemplated herein. The term “prodrug”, as employed herein, denotes acompound that is a drug precursor which, upon administration to asubject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemicalprocesses to yield a compound of Formula 1 or a salt and/or solvatethereof. A discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V.Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) Volume 14 of theA.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design,(1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association andPergamon Press, both of which are incorporated herein by referencethereto.

Metabolic conjugates, for example, glucoronides and sulfates which canunder reversible conversion to compounds of Formula 1 are contemplatedin this application.

“Effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” is meant todescribe an amount of compound or a composition of the present inventioneffective to antagonize CXCR3 and thus produce the desired therapeuticeffect in a suitable patient.

“Mammal” means humans and other mammalian animals.

“Patient” includes both human and animals.

“Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this inventionwith one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involvesvarying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogenbonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation,for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in thecrystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses bothsolution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.“Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H₂O.

The compounds of Formula 1 form salts which are also within the scope ofthis invention. Reference to a compound of Formula 1 herein isunderstood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwiseindicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic saltsformed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic saltsformed with inorganic and/or organic bases. In addition, when a compoundof Formula 1 contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to apyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited toa carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and areincluded within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable (non-limiting example(s) include, non-toxic, physiologicallyacceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful.Salts of the compounds of the Formula 1 may be formed, for example, byreacting a compound of Formula 1 with an amount of acid or base, such asan equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the saltprecipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization. Acids(and bases) which are generally considered suitable for the formation ofpharmaceutically useful salts from basic (or acidic) pharmaceuticalcompounds are discussed, for example, by S. Berge et al, Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. ofPharmaceutics (1986) 33 201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice ofMedicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; in The Orange Book(Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website); and P.Heinrich Stahl, Camille G. Wermuth (Eds.), Handbook of PharmaceuticalSalts: Properties, Selection, and Use, (2002) Int'l. Union of Pure andApplied Chemistry, pp. 330-331. These disclosures are incorporatedherein by reference thereto.

Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, adipates, alginates,ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates,borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates,cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates,ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates,hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides,hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates,methanesulfonates, methyl sulfates, 2-naphthalenesulfonates,nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pamoates, pectinates, persulfates,3-phenylpropionates, phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates,salicylates, succinates, sulfates, sulfonates (such as those mentionedherein), tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known astosylates,) undecanoates, and the like.

Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such assodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such ascalcium and magnesium salts, aluminum salts, zinc salts, salts withorganic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines,diethylamine, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines (formed withN,N-bis(dehydroabietyl)ethylenediamine), N-methyl-D-glucamines,N-methyl-D-glucamides, t-butyl amines, piperazine,phenylcyclohexylamine, choline, tromethamine, and salts with amino acidssuch as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groupsmay be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides(non-limiting example(s) include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylchlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (non-limitingexample(s) include dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates),long chain halides (non-limiting example(s) include decyl, lauryl,myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides(non-limiting example(s) include benzyl and phenethyl bromides), andothers.

All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts within the scope of the invention and all acid and basesalts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the correspondingcompounds for purposes of the invention.

Pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the present compounds include thefollowing groups: (1) carboxylic acid esters obtained by esterificationof the hydroxy groups, in which the non-carbonyl moiety of thecarboxylic acid portion of the ester grouping is selected from straightor branched chain alkyl (for example, acetyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, orn-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl), aralkyl (forexample, benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl), aryl (forexample, phenyl optionally substituted with, for example, halogen,C₁₋₄alkyl, or C₁₋₄alkoxy or amino); (2) sulfonate esters, such as alkyl-or aralkylsulfonyl (for example, methanesulfonyl); (3) amino acid esters(for example, L-valyl or L-isoleucyl); (4) phosphonate esters and (5)mono-, di- or triphosphate esters. The phosphate esters may be furtheresterified by, for example, a C₁₋₂₀ alcohol or reactive derivativethereof, or by a 2,3-di(C₆₋₂₄)acyl glycerol.

Compounds of Formula 1, and salts, solvates and prodrugs thereof, mayexist in their tautomeric form (for example, as an amide or iminoether). All such tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as part of thepresent invention.

All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers andthe like) of the present compounds (including those of the salts,solvates and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts and solvatesof the prodrugs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetriccarbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which mayexist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms,atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within thescope of this invention. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds ofthe invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers,or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or otherselected, stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the present invention canhave the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974Recommendations. The use of the terms “salt”, “solvate” “prodrug” andthe like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate and prodrugof enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, racemates orprodrugs of the inventive compounds.

It should also be noted that throughout the specification and Claimsappended hereto any formula, compound, moiety or chemical illustrationwith unsatisfied valences is assumed to have the hydrogen atom tosatisfy the valences unless the context indicates a bond.

In one embodiment, the present invention discloses compounds of Formula1, having CXCR3 antagonist activity, or a pharmaceutically acceptablederivative thereof, where the various definitions are given above. Inanother embodiment of the invention, wherein R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, amino, alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy,cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl-, cycloalkenyl, arylalkyl, amidinyl,carboxamido, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, urea,—S(O)₂alkyl, —S(O)₂N(H)alkyl, —S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, and —C(═S)N(H)cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, amino, alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, arylalkyl, amidinyl, carboxamido, heteroaryl,heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, urea, —S(O)₂alkyl, —S(O)₂N(H)alkyl,—S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, and —C(═S)N(H)cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, alkylaryl, alkyl-cycloalkyl-, aryl,heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)CF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)-amidinyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylhydroxyl, cyclobutyl,cyclobutylhydroxy, cyclopentyl, and cyclopentylhydroxy; and q is aninteger from 1 to 5.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, alkylaryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)CF₃,—(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)-amidinyl,cyclopropyl, cyclopropylhydroxyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutylhydroxy,cyclopentyl, and cyclopentylhydroxy; and

q is an integer from 1 to 5.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, —CH₃, fluorophenylmethylene,trifluoromethylphenylmethylene, indanyl, cyanophenylmethylene,difluorophenylmethylene, bromophenylmethylene, chlorophenylmethylene,—CH₂CH₂O phenyl, cyclopentyl, bromochlorophenylmethylene,fluorochlorophenylmethylene, dichlorophenylmethylene, phenylmethylene,—(CH₂)₃phenyl, —CH₂CF₃, methoxylphenylmethylene, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C₂H₅,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, —(CH₂)₂CH₃, cyclohexylmethylene, cyclohexyl,—CH₂CH₂SO₂CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH₂, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, cyclopropyl, CH₃-cyclopropyl,isoxazolyl, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂O phenyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —NH₂, —(CH₂)₂NH₂,pyrazolyl, 5-methyl-isoxazolyl, —CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂, —OCH₃, —NHC(═O)NH₂,chloropyridyl, pyridylmethylene, —C(═O)NHcyclopropyl, —C(═O)N(H)C₂H₅,—C(═O)N(H)CH₂CF₃, —C(═O)N(H)C(CH₃)₃, —C(═S)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —S(O)₂CH₃, —S(O)₂N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃,—S(O)₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, —C(═O)N(H)cyclohexyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂,—C(═O)N(H)CH(CH₃)₂, thiazolyl, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CF₃, cyclopropyl,—S(O)₂CF₃, —CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂,

or when X is N, the N taken together with the R¹ and R² to which X isshown attached, forms a —N-cyclopropyl, —N-cyclobutyl, —N-cyclohexyl or

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, —CH₃, fluorophenylmethylene,trifluoromethylphenylmethylene, indanyl, cyanophenylmethylene,difluorophenylmethylene, bromophenylmethylene, chlorophenylmethylene,—CH₂CH₂O phenyl, cyclopentyl, bromochlorophenylmethylene,fluorochlorophenylmethylene, dichlorophenylmethylene, phenylmethylene,—(CH₂)₃phenyl, —CH₂CF₃, methoxylphenylmethylene, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C₂H₅,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, —(CH₂)₂CH₃, cyclohexylmethylene, cyclohexyl,—CH₂CH₂SO₂CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH₂, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, cyclopropyl, isoxazolyl,—CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂O phenyl, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —NH₂, —(CH₂)₂NH₂, pyrazolyl,5-methyl-isoxazolyl, —CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂, —OCH₃, —NHC(═O)NH₂,chloropyridyl, pyridylmethylene, —C(═O)NHcyclopropyl, —C(═O)N(H)C₂H₅,—C(═O)N(H)CH₂CF₃, —C(═O)N(H)C(CH₃)₃, —C(═S)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —S(O)₂CH₃, —S(O)₂N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃,—S(O)₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, —C(═O)N(H)cyclohexyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂,—C(═O)N(H)CH(CH₃)₂, thiazolyl, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CF₃, cyclopropyl,—S(O)₂CF₃, —CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂,

or when X is N, the N taken together with the R¹ and R² to which X isshown attached, forms a —N-cyclopropyl, —N-cyclobutyl, —N-cyclohexyl or

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, —CH₃, —C₂H₅, difluorophenylmethylene,cyclopropyl, CH₃-cyclopropyl-, dichlorophenylmethylene, —CH(CH₃)₂,cyclohexylmethylene, cyclohexyl, isoxazolyl, oxadizoyl, aminooxadiazoyl,substituted isooxazoyl, substituted oxadiazoyl, substitutedaminooxadiazoyl, difluorophenyl, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂,—C(═O)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)N(H)C₂H₅, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CF₃,—C(═O)N(H)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)C(CH₃)₃, —C(═S)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —S(O)₂CH₃, —S(O)₂N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃,—S(O)₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, —C(═O)N(H)cyclohexyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂,thiazolyl,

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹ and R² are independentlyabsent or present, and if present each is independently selected fromthe group consisting of H, —CH₃, —C₂H₅, difluorophenylmethylene,cyclopropyl, dichlorophenylmethylene, —CH(CH₃)₂, cyclohexylmethylene,cyclohexyl, isoxazolyl, difluorophenyl, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃))₂,—C(═O)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)N(H)C₂H₅, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CF₃,—C(═O)N(H)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)C(CH₃)₃, —C(═S)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —S(O)₂CH₃, —S(O)₂N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃,—S(O)₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, —C(═O)N(H)cyclohexyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂,thiazolyl,

In another embodiment of the invention, X is selected from the groupconsisting of N, O, —CH₃, —CH₂—, —CH, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CN, —NH₂,cyclopropyl,

In another embodiment of the invention, X is selected from the groupconsisting of N, O, —CH₃, —CH₂—, —CH, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CN, —NH₂,cyclopropyl,

In another embodiment of the invention, R³ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, halogen, —N(R³⁰)₂,—OR³⁰ and —CF₃.

In another embodiment of the invention, R³ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, cyclopropyl, —F, —Cl, OCH₃, OCF₃ andCF₃.

In another embodiment of the invention, R⁶ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, halogen, hydroxyalkyl, —CN, —N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰,—N═CH-alkyl, and —NR³⁰C(═O)alkyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R⁶ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, —NH₂, —CH₃, —CN and —F.

In another embodiment of the invention, R⁷ and R⁸ are the same ordifferent, each being independently selected from the group consistingof H, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)N(H)-alkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)N(H)—S(O)₂alkyl, and —(CH₂)_(q)N(H)—CO—N(H)alkyl; oralternatively R⁷ and R⁸ taken together is ═O, ═N(OAlkyl), or ═S.

In another embodiment of the invention, R⁷ and R⁸ are the same ordifferent, each being independently selected from the group consistingof H, —CH₃, and —OH; or alternatively R⁷ and R⁸ taken together with thecarbon atom to which R⁷ and R⁸ are shown attached, is

In another embodiment of the invention, R⁷ and R⁸ are each H; oralternatively R⁷ and R⁸ taken together with the carbon atom to which R⁷and R⁸ are shown attached, is

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹⁰ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and carbonyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹⁰ is selected from the groupconsisting of —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃ and —CH₂CH₂CH₃, and m is 0-2.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹¹ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl and carbonyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹¹ is H or —CH₃.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹² is selected from the groupconsisting of H, CN, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂ and alkyl.

In another embodiment of the invention, R¹² is selected from the groupconsisting of H, —CH₃, CN and —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment of the invention, the phenyl ring D is substitutedby independently selected 1-4 R²⁰ moieties.

In another embodiment of the invention, the R²⁰ moieties can be the sameor different, each being independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino,alkylheteroaryl, alkylsulfinyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl, amidinyl,aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyalkyl,trifluromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q) NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰,—SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹), —O(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, and —OSi(R³⁰)₃.

In another embodiment of the invention, the R²⁰ moieties can be the sameor different, each being independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino,alkylheteroaryl, alkylsulfinyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl, amidinyl,aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyalkyl,trifluromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q) NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰,—SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹), and —OSi(R³⁰)₃.

In another embodiment of the invention, the R²⁰ moieties can be the sameor different, each being independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, halogen, CN, CH₃, CF₃, OCH₃,OCF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,-alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹,—NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —O(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹ and—OSO₂(R³¹).

In another embodiment of the invention, the R²⁰ moieties can be the sameor different, each being independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, amino, halogen, CN, CH₃, CF₃, OCF₃,—(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰,—OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, and —OSO₂(R³¹).

In another embodiment of the invention, two R²⁰ moieties are linkedtogether to form a five or six membered aryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring wherein said five or sixmembered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroarylring is fused to ring D and the fused ring is optionally substitutedwith 0 to 4 R²¹ moieties.

In another embodiment of the invention, the R²⁰ moieties can be the sameor different, each being independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, —CN, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NH₂, —NHCH₃,—OCF₃, —OH, F, Cl, Br, —C(═NOH)NH₂, —OCH₂CH₂S(O₂)CH₃, —C(═O)NH₂,

In another embodiment of the invention, Y is selected from the groupconsisting of: —(CHR¹³)_(r)—, (CR¹³R¹³)_(r)—, —C(═O)— and —CHR¹³C(═O)—.

In another embodiment of the invention, Y is selected from the groupconsisting of: —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH(CH₂OH)—, —C(═O)— and—CH(CO₂alkyl)-.

In another embodiment of the invention, m is 0-3.

In another embodiment of the invention, n is 0-2.

In another embodiment of the invention, q is 1, 2 or 3.

In another embodiment of the invention, p is 1, 2 or 3.

In another embodiment of the invention, r is 1 or 2.

In another embodiment of the invention,

X is N;

R¹ and R² are independently absent or present, and if present each isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkylaryl, aryl,heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)CF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)—N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)-amidinyl, cyclopropyl, alkyl-cyclopropyl-,cyclopropylhydroxyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutylhydroxy, cyclopentyl, andcyclopentylhydroxy;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, halogen, —N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰ and —CF₃;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, halogen,hydroxyalkyl, —CN, —N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —N═CH-alkyl, and —NR³⁰C(═O)alkyl;

R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of ═O,═S, ═NH, ═NOH, and ═N(OAlkyl);

R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aralkyl,hydroxyalkyl, and carbonyl;

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, andcarbonyl;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂ andalkyl;

the R²⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, halogen,CN, CH₃, CF₃, OCH₃, OCF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, —alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰,—OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,

Y is selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—,—CH(CH₂OH)—, —C(═O)— and —CH(CO₂alkyl)-;

m is 0-2;

n is 0-2;

q is 1 or 2; and

r is 1 or 2.

In another embodiment of the invention,

X is N;

R¹ and R² are independently absent or present, and if present each isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkylaryl, aryl,heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)CF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)—N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)-amidinyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylhydroxyl, cyclobutyl,cyclobutylhydroxy, cyclopentyl, and cyclopentylhydroxy;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, haloalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, halogen, —N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰ and —CF₃;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, halogen,hydroxyalkyl, —CN, —N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —N═CH-alkyl, and —NR³⁰C(═O)alkyl;

R⁷ and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of ═O,═S, ═NH, ═NOH, and ═N(OAlkyl);

R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aralkyl,hydroxyalkyl, and carbonyl;

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, andcarbonyl;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂ andalkyl;

the R²⁰ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, amino, halogen, CN, CH₃,CF₃, OCF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,-alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹,—NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,

Y is selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—,—CH(CH₂OH)—, —C(═O)— and —CH(CO₂alkyl)-;

m is 0-2;

n is 0-2;

p is 0 or 1;

q is 1 or 2; and

r is 1 or 2.

In another embodiment of the invention, the compound of Formula I isrepresented by the following structural Formula:

wherein the various terms are as defined earlier.

In still another embodiment of the present invention, a compound isselected from the following structures in Table 1 below (or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof) which areshown along with their IC₅₀ ratings. The IC₅₀ values are rated, “A” forIC₅₀ values less than about 25 nanomolar (nM), “B” for IC₅₀ values inthe range of from about 25 to about 100 nM and “C” for IC₅₀ valuesgreater than about 100 nM. For example, Compound No. 107 has an IC₅₀ of0.2 nM.

TABLE 1 Com- pound No. Compound Structure IC₅₀ 1

A 2

A 3

A 4

A 5

A 6

A 7

A 8

A 9

A 10

A 11

A 12

A 13

A 14

A 15

A 16

A 17

A 18

A 19

A 20

A 21

A 22

A 23

B 24

B 25

B 26

B 27

B 28

B 29

B 30

B 31

B 32

B 33

B 34

B 35

B 36

B 37

B 38

B 39

B 40

B 41

B 42

C 43

C 44

C 45

C 46

C 47

C 48

C 49

C 50

C 51

C 52

C 53

C 54

C 55

C 56

C 57

C 58

C 59

C 60

C 61

A 62

A 63

A 64

A 65

A 66

A 67

A 68

A 69

A 70

A 71

B 72

B 73

B 74

B 75

B 76

C 77

C 78

C 79

C 80

C 81

C 82

A 83

A 84

A 85

A 86

A 87

A 88

A 89

A 90

A 91

A 92

A 93

A 94

B 95

B 96

C 97

C 98

C 99

A 100

A 101

B 102

A 103

A 104

B 105

C 106

C 107

A 108

A 109

A 110

A 111

A 112

A 113

A 114

A 115

A 116

A 117

A 118

A 119

A 120

A 121

A 122

A 123

A 124

A 125

A 126

A 127

A 128

A 129

A 130

A 131

A 132

A 133

A 134

A 135

A 136

A 137

A 138

A 139

A 140

A 141

A 142

A 143

A 144

A 145

A 146

A 147

A 148

A 149

A 150

A 151

A 152

A 153

A 154

A 155

A 156

A 157

A 158

A 159

A 160

A 161

A 162

A 163

A 164

A 165

A 166

A 167

A 168

A 169

A 170

A 171

A 172

A 173

A 174

A 175

A 176

A 177

B 178

B 179

B 180

B 181

B 182

B 183

B 184

B 185

B 186

B 187

B 188

B 189

B 190

B 191

B 192

C 193

C 194

C 195

C 196

C 197

C 198

C 199

C 200

C 201

C 202

C 203

C 204

C 205

C 206

C 207

C 208

C 209

C 210

C 211

C 212

C 213

B 214

A 215

A 216

A 217

A 218

A 219

A 220

A 221

A 222

A 223

A 224

B 225

C 226

C 227

B 228

A 229

A 230

A 231

A 232

B 233

A 234

B 235

C 236

C 237

C 238

A 239

A 240

A 241

A 242

B 243

A 244

A 245

A 246

A 247

B 248

B 249

B 250

B 251

C 252

B 253

B 254

B 255

B 256

A 257

A 258

A 259

A 260

A 261

B 262

C 263

C 264

A 265

A 266

A 267

A 268

A 269

C 270

A 271

A 272

B 273

C 274

C 275

C 276

C 277

A 278

A 279

A 280

C 281

C 282

B 283

C 284

A 285

A 286

A 287

C 288

C 289

C 290

A 291

B 292

A 293

C 294

A 295

A 296

A 297

B 298

B 299

B 300

C 301

C 302

C 303

C 304

A 305

C 306

C 307

C 308

C 309

C 310

C 311

C 312

C 313

C 314

A 315

A 316

A 317

A 318

B 319

B 320

B 321

B 322

B 323

B 324

C 325

C 326

C 327

C 328

C 329

C 330

A 331

A 332

A 333

A 334

A 335

A 336

A 337

A 338

A 339

A 340

A 341

B 342

B 343

B 344

B 345

B 346

B 347

B 348

B 349

B 350

B 351

B 352

C 353

C 354

C 355

C 356

C 357

C 358

C 359

C 360

C 361

C 362

C 363

C 364

C 365

C 366

C 367

C 368

C 369

C 370

A 371

A 372

C 373

C 374

C 375

B 376

B 377

B 378

A 379

C 380

C 381

B 382

C 383

C 384

C 385

A 386

A 387

A 388

A 389

A 390

A 391

A 392

A 393

A 394

A 395

A 396

A 397

A 398

A 399

A 400

A 401

A 402

A 403

A 404

B 405

C 406

C 407

C 408

B 409

A 410

A 411

A 412

A 413

A 414

A 415

A 416

A 417

A 418

A 419

A 420

A 421

A 422

A 423

B 424

C 425

C 426

C 427

C 428

C 429

C 430

C 431

A 432

A 433

A 434

A 435

A 436

A 437

A 438

A 439

A 440

A 441

A 442

A 443

A 444

A 445

A 446

A 447

A 448

A 449

A 450

A 451

A 452

A 453

A 454

A 455

A 456

A 457

A 458

A 459

A 460

A 461

A 462

A 463

A 464

A 465

A 466

A 467

A 468

A 469

A 470

A 471

A 472

A 473

A 474

A 475

A 476

A 477

A 478

A 479

A 480

A 481

A 482

A 483

A 484

A 485

A 486

A 487

A 488

A 489

A 490

A 491

A 492

Aor pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters thereof.

In another aspect of the invention, the compound according to Formula 1is selected from the group consisting of:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters thereof. Thehuman IC₅₀ values (in nM) have been provided for each compound(underneath the structure) above.

In another aspect of the invention, the compound according to Formula 1is selected from the group consisting of compounds of the formulae:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters thereof.

In another embodiment, a compound is selected from the group consistingof the following formulae:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters thereof.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula 1 is selected from thegroup consisting of

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula 1 is selected from thegroup consisting of Formula 7, Formula 8, Formula 9, Formula 10, Formula11, Formula 12 and Formula 13 (all of compounds of Formula 7-13 havehuman IC₅₀ values of less than 1 nM):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or esters thereof.

In another embodiment, the compound of Formula 1 is selected from thegroup consisting of Formula 7, Formula 8, Formula 9, Formula 10, Formula11, Formula 12, Formula 13, Formula 14, Formula 15, Formula 16, orFormula 17, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvate or hydratesthereof, wherein Formulae 7-13 are as set forth above, and Formulae13-17 are set forth below:

In yet another aspect, the compound according to Formula 1 is inpurified form.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising at least one compound of Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof incombination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In still another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition of Formula 1, further comprising at least one additionalagent, drug, medicament, antibody and/or inhibitor for treating a CXCR3chemokine receptor mediated disease.

When administering a combination therapy to a patient in need of suchadministration, the therapeutic agents in the combination, or apharmaceutical composition or compositions comprising the therapeuticagents, may be administered in any order such as, for example,sequentially, concurrently, together, simultaneously and the like. Theamounts of the various actives in such combination therapy may bedifferent amounts (different dosage amounts) or same amounts (samedosage amounts). Thus, for non-limiting illustration purposes, acompound of Formula III and an additional therapeutic agent may bepresent in fixed amounts (dosage amounts) in a single dosage unit (e.g.,a capsule, a tablet and the like). A commercial example of such singledosage unit containing fixed amounts of two different active compoundsis VYTORIN® (available from Merck Schering-Plough Pharmaceuticals,Kenilworth, N.J.).

In yet another embodiment, the present invention discloses methods forpreparing pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inventiveheterocyclic substituted piperazine compounds of Formula 1 as an activeingredient. In the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of thepresent invention, the active ingredients will typically be administeredin admixture with suitable carrier materials suitably selected withrespect to the intended form of administration, i.e. oral tablets,capsules (either solid-filled, semi-solid filled or liquid filled),powders for constitution, oral gels, elixirs, dispersible granules,syrups, suspensions, and the like, and consistent with conventionalpharmaceutical practices. For example, for oral administration in theform of tablets or capsules, the active drug component may be combinedwith any oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier, suchas lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalciumphosphate, calcium sulfate, talc, mannitol, ethyl alcohol (liquid forms)and the like. Moreover, when desired or needed, suitable binders,lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents may also beincorporated in the mixture. Powders and tablets may be comprised offrom about 5 to about 95 percent inventive composition. Suitable bindersinclude starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural andsynthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose,polyethylene glycol and waxes. Among the lubricants there may bementioned for use in these dosage forms, boric acid, sodium benzoate,sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like. Disintegrants includestarch, methylcellulose, guar gum and the like. Sweetening and flavoringagents and preservatives may also be included where appropriate. Some ofthe terms noted above, namely disintegrants, diluents, lubricants,binders and the like, are discussed in more detail below.

Additionally, the compositions of the present invention may beformulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlledrelease of any one or more of the components or active ingredients tooptimize the therapeutic effects, i.e. anti-inflammatory activity andthe like. Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layeredtablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlledrelease polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components andshaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated orencapsulated porous polymeric matrices.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutionsfor parenteral injections or addition of sweeteners and pacifiers fororal solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations mayalso include solutions for intranasal administration.

Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions andsolids in powder form, which may be in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as inert compressed gas, e.g.nitrogen.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax such as a mixture offatty acid glycerides such as cocoa butter is first melted, and theactive ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein by stirring orsimilar mixing. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured intoconvenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby solidify.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to beconverted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for eitheroral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions,suspensions and emulsions.

The compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally.The transdermal compositions may take the form of creams, lotions,aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch ofthe matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for thispurpose.

Preferably the compound is administered orally.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form. Insuch form, the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit dosescontaining appropriate quantities of the active components, e.g., aneffective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

The quantity of the inventive active composition in a unit dose ofpreparation may be generally varied or adjusted from about 1.0 milligramto about 1,000 milligrams, preferably from about 1.0 to about 950milligrams, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 500 milligrams, andtypically from about 1 to about 250 milligrams, according to theparticular application. The actual dosage employed may be varieddepending upon the patient's age, sex, weight and severity of thecondition being treated. Such techniques are well known to those skilledin the art.

Generally, the human oral dosage form containing the active ingredientscan be administered 1 or 2 times per day. The amount and frequency ofthe administration will be regulated according to the judgment of theattending clinician. A generally recommended daily dosage regimen fororal administration may range from about 1.0 milligram to about 1,000milligrams per day, in single or divided doses.

Some useful terms are described below:

Capsule—refers to a special container or enclosure made of methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, or denatured gelatins or starch forholding or containing compositions comprising the active ingredients.Hard shell capsules are typically made of blends of relatively high gelstrength bone and pork skin gelatins. The capsule itself may containsmall amounts of dyes, opaquing agents, plasticizers and preservatives.

Tablet—refers to a compressed or molded solid dosage form containing theactive ingredients with suitable diluents. The tablet can be prepared bycompression of mixtures or granulations obtained by wet granulation, drygranulation or by compaction.

Oral gels—refers to the active ingredients dispersed or solubilized in ahydrophillic semi-solid matrix.

Powders for constitution—refers to powder blends containing the activeingredients and suitable diluents which can be suspended in water orjuices.

Diluent—refers to substances that usually make up the major portion ofthe composition or dosage form. Suitable diluents include sugars such aslactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; starches derived from wheat,corn, rice and potato; and celluloses such as microcrystallinecellulose. The amount of diluent in the composition can range from about10 to about 90% by weight of the total composition, preferably fromabout 25 to about 75%, more preferably from about 30 to about 60% byweight, even more preferably from about 12 to about 60%.

Disintegrants—refers to materials added to the composition to help itbreak apart (disintegrate) and release the medicaments. Suitabledisintegrants include starches; “cold water soluble” modified starchessuch as sodium carboxymethyl starch; natural and synthetic gums such aslocust bean, karaya, guar, tragacanth and agar; cellulose derivativessuch as methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose;microcrystalline celluloses and cross-linked microcrystalline cellulosessuch as sodium croscarmellose; alginates such as alginic acid and sodiumalginate; clays such as bentonites; and effervescent mixtures. Theamount of disintegrant in the composition can range from about 2 toabout 15% by weight of the composition, more preferably from about 4 toabout 10% by weight.

Binders—refers to substances that bind or “glue” powders together andmake them cohesive by forming granules, thus serving as the “adhesive”in the formulation. Binders add cohesive strength already available inthe diluent or bulking agent. Suitable binders include sugars such assucrose; starches derived from wheat, corn rice and potato; natural gumssuch as acacia, gelatin and tragacanth; derivatives of seaweed such asalginic acid, sodium alginate and ammonium calcium alginate; cellulosicmaterials such as methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose andhydroxypropylmethylcellulose; polyvinylpyrrolidone; and inorganics suchas magnesium aluminum silicate. The amount of binder in the compositioncan range from about 2 to about 20% by weight of the composition, morepreferably from about 3 to about 10% by weight, even more preferablyfrom about 3 to about 6% by weight.

Lubricant—refers to a substance added to the dosage form to enable thetablet, granules, etc. after it has been compressed, to release from themold or die by reducing friction or wear. Suitable lubricants includemetallic stearates such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate orpotassium stearate; stearic acid; high melting point waxes; and watersoluble lubricants such as sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodiumacetate, sodium oleate, polyethylene glycols and d′l-leucine. Lubricantsare usually added at the very last step before compression, since theymust be present on the surfaces of the granules and in between them andthe parts of the tablet press. The amount of lubricant in thecomposition can range from about 0.2 to about 5% by weight of thecomposition, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2%, more preferably fromabout 0.3 to about 1.5% by weight.

Glidents—materials that prevent caking and improve the flowcharacteristics of granulations, so that flow is smooth and uniform.Suitable glidents include silicon dioxide and talc. The amount ofglident in the composition can range from about 0.1% to about 5% byweight of the total composition, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2%by weight.

Coloring agents—excipients that provide coloration to the composition orthe dosage form. Such excipients can include food grade dyes and foodgrade dyes adsorbed onto a suitable adsorbent such as clay or aluminumoxide. The amount of the coloring agent can vary from about 0.1 to about5% by weight of the composition, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1%.

Bioavailability—refers to the rate and extent to which the active drugingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed into the systemiccirculation from an administered dosage form as compared to a standardor control. Conventional methods for preparing tablets are known. Suchmethods include dry methods such as direct compression and compressionof granulation produced by compaction, or wet methods or other specialprocedures. Conventional methods for making other forms foradministration such as, for example, capsules, suppositories and thelike are also well known.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications,variations and alterations to the present disclosure, both to materialsand methods, may be practiced. Such modifications, variations andalterations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of thepresent invention.

As stated earlier, the invention includes tautomers, enantiomers andother stereoisomers of the compounds also. Thus, as one skilled in theart knows, certain imidazole compounds may exist in tautomeric forms.Such variations are contemplated to be within the scope of theinvention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist inmultiple crystalline forms or amorphous forms. All physical forms of thecurrent invention are contemplated.

Compounds of this invention which contain unnatural proportions ofatomic isotopes (i.e. “radiolabeled compounds”) whether their use istherapeutic, diagnostic or as a research reagent are contemplated underthis invention.

Another embodiment of the invention discloses the use of thepharmaceutical compositions disclosed above for treatment of diseases ofa CXCR3 chemokine receptor mediated disease in a patient in need of suchtreatment comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound according to Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof.

In another embodiment, the method is directed to administering to thepatient (a) an effective amount of at least one compound according toFormula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or esterthereof concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one additionalagent, drug, medicament, antibody and/or inhibitor for treating a CXCR3chemokine receptor mediated disease, in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, at least one compound of Formula 1 binds to aCXCR3 receptor.

The method can further comprise administering: (a) a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound according to Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrentlyor sequentially with (b) at least one medicament selected from the groupconsisting of: disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drugs; COX-2 selective inhibitors; COX-1 inhibitors;immunosuppressives (such as cyclosporins and methotrexate); steroids(including corticosteroids such as glucorticoids); PDE IV inhibitors,anti-TNF-α compounds, TNF-α-convertase (TACE) inhibitors, MMPinhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, glucocorticoids, other chemokineinhibitors such as CCR2 and CCR5, CB2-selective inhibitors, p38inhibitors, biological response modifiers; anti-inflammatory agents andtherapeutics. The disease can be an inflammatory disease (e.g.,psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease)

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method ofinhibiting or blocking T-cell mediated chemotaxis in a patient in needof such treatment the method comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according toFormula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or esterthereof.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatinginflammatory bowel disease (such Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) ina patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compoundaccording to Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvateor ester thereof.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatinginflammatory bowel disease in a patient in need of such treatmentcomprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of: (a) at least one compound of Formula 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrently or sequentiallywith (b) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulfapyridine, anti-TNF compounds,anti-IL-12 compounds, corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, T-cell receptordirected therapies (such as anti-CD3 antibodies), immunosuppresives,methotrexate, azathioprine, and 6-mercaptopurines.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatingor preventing graft rejection in a patient in need of such treatmentcomprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one compound according to Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of: (a)at least one compound according to Formula 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrently or sequentiallywith (b) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:cyclosporine A, FK-506, FTY720, beta-interferon, rapamycin,mycophenolate, prednisolone, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and anantilymphocyte globulin.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatingmultiple sclerosis in a patient in need of such treatment the methodcomprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of: (a) at least one compound according to Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrentlyor sequentially with (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: beta-interferon, glatiramer acetate, corticosteroids,glucocorticoids, methotrexate, azothioprine, mitoxantrone, VLA-4inhibitors, FTY720, anti-IL-12 inhibitors, and CB2-selective inhibitors.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatingmultiple sclerosis in a patient in need of such treatment the methodcomprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of: a) at least one compound according to Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrentlyor sequentially with (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: methotrexate, cyclosporin, leflunomide, sulfasalazine,corticosteroids, β-methasone, β-interferon, glatiramer acetate,prednisone, etonercept, and infliximab.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatingrheumatoid arthritis in a patient in need of such treatment the methodcomprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of: (a) at least one compound according to Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrentlyor sequentially with (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, COX-2 inhibitors,COX-1 inhibitors, immunosuppressives, cyclosporine, methotrexate,steroids, PDE IV inhibitors, anti-TNF-α compounds, MMP inhibitors,corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, chemokine inhibitors, CB2-selectiveinhibitors, caspase (ICE) inhibitors and other classes of compoundsindicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatingpsoriasis in a patient in need of such treatment the method comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of: a)at least one compound according to Formula 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof concurrently or sequentiallywith (b) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:immunosuppressives, cyclosporins, methotrexate, steroids,corticosteroids, anti-TNF-α compounds, anti-IL compounds, anti-IL-23compounds, vitamin A and D compounds and fumarates.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatingophthalmic inflammation (including, for e.g., uveitis, posterior segmentintraocular inflammation, Sjogren's syndrome) or dry eye in a patient inneed of such treatment the method comprising administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of: a) at least one compoundaccording to Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvateor ester thereof concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least onecompound selected from the group consisting of: immunosuppressives,cyclosporins, methotrexate, FK506, steroids, corticosteroids, andanti-TNF-α compounds.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatinga disease selected from the group consisting of: inflammatory disease,rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease,graft rejection, psoriasis, fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-typehypersensitivity responses, ophthalmic inflammation (including e.g.,uveitis, posterior segment intraocular inflammation, and Sjogren'ssyndrome), tuberculoid leprosy and cancer in a patient in need of suchtreatment, such method comprising administering to the patient aneffective amount of at least one compound according to Formula 1, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or ester thereof.

Another embodiment of this invention is directed to a method of treatinga disease selected from the group consisting of inflammatory disease,rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease,graft rejection, psoriasis, fixed drug eruptions, cutaneous delayed-typehypersensitivity responses and tuberculoid leprosy, ophthalmicinflammation, type I diabetes, viral meningitis and cancer in a patientin need of such treatment, such method comprising administering to thepatient an effective amount of (a) at least one compound according toFormula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or esterthereof concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one medicamentselected from the group consisting of: disease modifying antirheumaticdrugs; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; COX-2 selective inhibitors;COX-1 inhibitors; immunosuppressives; steroids; PDE IV inhibitors,anti-TNF-α compounds, MMP inhibitors, corticosteroids, glucocorticoids,chemokine inhibitors, CB2-selective inhibitors, biological responsemodifiers; anti-inflammatory agents and therapeutics.

Another embodiment of the invention discloses a method of making theinventive compounds disclosed above.

For the procedures described below, the following abbreviations areused:

Unless otherwise stated, the following abbreviations have the statedmeanings in the Examples below:

DBU=1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene

DBN=1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene

DIPEA=N,N′-diisopropylethylamine

EDCl=1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide

HOBT=1-hydroxybenzotriazole

DCC=dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Dibal-H=diisobutylaluminum hydride

DMF=Dimethylformamide

LAH=lithium aluminum hydride

NaBH(OAc)₃=sodium triacetoxyborohydride

NaBH₄=sodium borohydride

NaBH₃CN=sodium cyanoborohydride

n-BOC=tert-butyloxycarbonyl

LDA=lithium diisopropylamide

p-TsOH=p-toluenesulfonic acid

m-CPBA=m-chloroperbenzoic acid

TMAD=N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylazodicarboxamide

CSA=camphorsulfonic acid

NaHMDS=sodium hexamethyl disilylazide

HRMS=High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

HPLC=High Performance Liquid Chromatography

LRMS=Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry

nM=nanomolar

Ki=Dissociation Constant for substrate/receptor complex

pA2=−logEC₅₀, as defined by J. Hey, Eur. J. Pharmacol., (1995), Vol.294, 329-335.

Ci/mmol=Curie/mmol (a measure of specific activity)

TLC=Thin layer chromatography

Tr=Triphenylmethyl

Tris=Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

General Preparative Schemes:

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared by a number of waysevident to one skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but arenot limited to, the general synthetic procedures described herein. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that one route will be optimaldepending on the choice of appendage substituents. Additionally, oneskilled in the art will recognize that in some cases the order of stepshas to be controlled to avoid functional group incompatibilities. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that a more convergent route(non-limiting example(s) include non-linear or preassembly of certainportions of the molecule) is a more efficient method of assembly of thetarget compounds. Two such methods for the preparation of compounds ofgeneral Formula 1 with variables R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹²,R²⁰, ring D, X, Y, m, n, and p, are as defined above, and are shown inScheme 1 and Scheme 2. Pr¹, Pr² and Pr³ are protecting groupsexemplified below.

The following schemes describe the methods of synthesis of compounds ofFormula 1. In Scheme 1, the R¹R²N group is introduced a late stage inthe synthesis.

Alternatively, the R¹R²N group can be introduced earlier in thesynthesis, as shown in Scheme 2.

The starting material and reagents used in preparing compounds describedare either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich ChemicalCo. (Wisconsin, USA) and Acros Organics Co. (New Jersey, USA) or wereprepared by literature methods known to those skilled in the art.

The preparation of arylpiperazine compounds related to structure III hasbeen reported in WO-03037862 (Nippon Shinyaku).

One skilled in the art will recognize that the synthesis of compounds ofFormula 1 may require the need for the protection of certain functionalgroups (non-limiting example(s) include derivatization for the purposeof chemical compatibility with a particular reaction condition).Suitable protecting groups for a carboxylic acid (Pr¹, when R⁷ and R⁸taken together is ═O) is the methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or benzyl esterand the like. A suitable protecting group for an amine (Pr² and Pr³) ismethyl, benzyl, ethoxyethyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, phthaloyl and the like.All protecting groups can be appended to and removed by literaturemethods known to those skilled in the art.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the synthesis of compounds ofFormula 1 may require the construction of an amide bond. Methods includebut are not limited to the use of a reactive carboxy derivative(non-limiting example(s) include acid halide, or ester at elevatedtemperatures) or the use of an acid with a coupling reagent(non-limiting example(s) include EDCl, DCC) with an amine at 0° C. to100° C. Suitable solvents for the reaction are halogenated hydrocarbons,ethereal solvents, dimethylformamide and the like. The reaction may beconducted under pressure or in a sealed vessel.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the synthesis of compounds ofFormula 1 may require the construction of an amine bond. One such methodis but not limited to the reaction of a primary or secondary amine witha reactive carbonyl (non-limiting example(s) include aldehyde or ketone)under reductive amination conditions. Suitable reducing reagents of theintermediate imine are sodium borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydrideand the like at 0° C. to 100° C. Suitable solvents for the reaction arehalogenated hydrocarbons, ethereal solvents, dimethylformamide and thelike. Another such method is but not limited to the reaction of aprimary or secondary amine with a reactive alkylating agent such as analkyl halide, benzyl halide, mesylate, tosylate or the like. Suitablesolvents for the reaction are halogenated hydrocarbons, etherealsolvents, dimethylformamide and the like. The reaction may be conductedunder pressure or in a sealed vessel at 0° C. to 100° C.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the synthesis of compounds ofFormula 1 may require the reduction of a reducible functional group.Suitable reducing reagents include sodium borohydride, lithium aluminumhydride, diborane and the like at −20° C. to 100° C. Suitable solventsfor the reaction are halogenated hydrocarbons, ethereal solvents,dimethylformamide and the like.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the synthesis of compounds ofFormula 1 may require the oxidation of a functional group. Suitableoxidizing reagents include oxygen, hydrogen peroxide,m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and the like at −20° C. to 100° C. Suitablesolvents for the reaction are halogenated hydrocarbons, etherealsolvents, water and the like.

The starting materials and the intermediates of a reaction may beisolated and purified if desired using conventional techniques,including but not limited to filtration, distillation, crystallization,chromatography and the like. Such materials can be characterized usingconventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.

General Description of Methods A & B

Step A. Amination of a Pyrazine

A suitably protected 2-halo pyrazine of structure I is reacted with apiperazine of structure II to form a compound of structure III.Preferably the reaction is carried out in a solvent such as dioxane inthe presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate.Alternatively, other leaving groups may replace the chlorine (O-mesyl,Br etc.) or a group capable of activation under the reaction conditions(H, OH, etc.) may be used. Step A′ (Method B)

A suitably protected 2-halo pyrazine of structure I is reacted with apiperazine of structure XV to form a compound of general structure X.Preferably the reaction is carried out in a solvent such as dioxane inthe presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate.

Step B.

A protected piperazine of structure III is deprotected to provide thesecondary amine of structure IV. When Pr² is benzyl or substitutedbenzyl, deprotection can be effected by reaction under a pressure ofhydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium. When Pr²is ethoxyethyl, deprotection can be effected by reaction withtrimethylsilyl iodide. When Pr² is t-butoxycarbonyl, deprotection can beeffected with a strong acid such as trifluoroacetic acid.

Step C.

A piperazine of structure IV or XII is reacted with a ketone ofstructure V in the presence of a reducing agent to form a compound ofstructure VI or XIII where R¹² is hydrogen. General conditions for thereductive amination reaction are described above.

Step C′

A piperazine of structure IV or XII is reacted with a ketone ofstructure V in the presence of a reducing agent to form a compound ofstructure VI or XIII where R¹² is a cyanide residue. Typical conditionsare the reaction of an equi-molar quantity of a piperazine of structureIV or XII and a ketone of structure in the presence of titaniumisopropoxide in a halogenated solvent, such as methylene chloride for1-48 hours. Subsequent addition of a cyanide source such asdimethylaluminum cyanide affords a compound of structure VI or XIIIwhere R¹² is a cyanide residue.

Step C″ and Step D″

A piperazine of structure IV or XII is reacted with a ketone ofstructure V or XVI in the presence of a reducing agent to form a generalcompound of structure VIII or X respectively where R¹² is hydrogen.General conditions for the reductive amination reaction are describedabove.

Step D

Optionally, a compound of structure XI, when R³ is Cl or Br is reactedwith an organometallic alkylating agent, such as alkyl boronic acid, oran alkyl halide in the presence of a metal to promote heterocoupling, ora nucleophile to yield a different structure of general structure XII,where the halogen at the R³ position has been replaced by theappropriate group described for R³.

Step D′

A protected piperidine of structure VI (Method A) or XII (Method B) isdeprotected to provide the secondary amine of structure VII (Method A)or XIV (Method B). When Pr² is benzyl or substituted benzyl,deprotection can be effected by reaction under a pressure of hydrogengas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium. When Pr² isethoxyethyl, deprotection can be effected by reaction withtrimethylsilyl iodide. When Pr² is t-butoxycarbonyl, deprotection can beeffected with a strong acid such as trifluoroacetic acid.

Step E

A secondary piperidine of structure VII or XIV is either alkylated oracylated to provide compounds of structure VIII or X. General methodsfor such alkyations and acylations are described above and are wellknown to those skilled in the art.

Step F

A suitable protected ester of structure VIII (Method A) or structure III(Method B) where R⁷ and R⁸ taken together is ═O and Pr¹ is alkyl isreacted with a primary or secondary amine to provide compounds ofstructure X or XI.

Optionally, functional group manipulation of a compound of structure Xmay be done to provide additional related compounds of structure X.Typical conditions include the reaction of the ester and the amine in apolar solvent such as methanol in a sealed tube at 25° C. to 100° C.

Step F′

Optionally, functional group manipulation of a compound of structure Xmay be done to provide additional related compounds of structure X.

Compounds of Formula 1 can be prepared by the general methods outlinedin Schemes 1 and 2. Synthesis of the specifically exemplified compounds,were prepared as described in detailed below. The following EXAMPLES arebeing provided to further illustrate the present invention. They are forillustrative purposes only; the scope of the invention is not to beconsidered limited in any way thereby.

PREPARATIVE EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to illustrate, but not to limit, thescope of the invention.

Preparative Example 1

A round bottomed flask was charged with methyl 6-amino 2,3-dichloropyrazine 5-carboxylate (Aldrich, 25 g, 112.6 mmol), 2-S-Ethyl piperazine(prepared as per Williams et al. J. Med. Chem 1996, 39, 1345, 83%active, 15.7 g, 112.7 mmol), cesium carbonate (100 g, 300 mmol) and 1,4dioxane (400 ml). The flask was equipped with a reflux condenser andheated to 80° C. After 12 hours, the reaction was cooled, diluted withmethylene chloride (˜200 ml), and filtered through celite. The filtratewas washed once with water and then concentrated to an oil. The crudeproduct was purified by silica gel chromatography using amethanol/methylene chloride eluent (3% to 10% MeOH) to afford 30.8 g(91%) of the compound. MS, M+H=300.

Preparative Example 2

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 1 (0.9 g, 3 mmol), 2-amino ethanol (1.5 ml, 25 mmol) and 1.4dioxane (20 ml). The reaction was heated at 80° C. for 17 hours, andthen concentrated to an oil under vacuum. The title compound wasisolated by preparative TLC (10/90 MeOH/MC), which provided 0.8 g (2.4mmol, 81% yield). M+H=330.

Preparative Example 3

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 2 (0.79 g, 2.4 mmol), N—Boc piperidine-4-one (Lancaster, 1.4 g,7.0 mmol), and methylene chloride (30 mL). NaB(OAc)₃H (1.5 g, 7.1 mmol)was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Thereaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and 1 N NaOHadded. The crude product was extracted into methylene chloride (3×), theorganic extracts concentrated and further purified by TLC to afford 0.83g of the title compound (68% yield). M+H=513.

Preparative Example 4 Preparation of Table 1

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 2 (0.08 g, 0.24 mmol), N-(4-ketopiperidyl) 4-chlorobenzamide(0.170 g, 0.71 mmol), and methylene chloride (0.5 mL). NaB(OAc)₃H (0.15g, 0.71 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for12 hours. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funneland 1 N NaOH added. The crude product was extracted into methylenechloride (3×), the organic extracts concentrated and further purified byTLC to afford 0.06 g of the title compound (43% yield). S M+H=550

Preparative Example 5

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 3 (6.67 g, 13 mmol), trifluoroacetic acid (60 ml, 778 mmol),methylene chloride (60 ml) and stirred at room temperature. After 4hours, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo, and water (200 ml) andpotassium carbonate (15 g, 108 mmol) were added to the residue. Theproduct (4.85 g, 12 mmol, 91% yield) was isolated by extraction of theaqueous phase with methylene chloride (3×) and used without furtherpurification. M+H=413.

Preparative Example 6 Preparation of Table 1, Compound No. 110

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 5 (0.05 g, 0.12 mmol), 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (0.05 g, 0.36 mmol),and methylene chloride (10 ml) and stirred at room temperature. After 2hours NaB(OAc)₃H (75 mg, 0.35 mmol) was added and the reaction stirredan additional 15 hours. Additional methylene chloride (20 ml) was added,the organic phase washed with 1 N NaOH, dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated to an oil. The title compound was purified by TLC, whichyielded 0.049 g (76% yield). Compound No. 110: M+H=536.

Reaction of the staring material of Preparative Example 6 with theappropriately substituted aldehyde afforded the following CompoundNumbers: 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123, 126, 133, 136, 140,144, 154, 158, 161 and 162.

Preparative Example 7 Preparation of Table 1 Compound No. 185

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 5 (0.262 g, 0.635 mmol) and dimethylformamide (1.8 ml).

2-chloro-2-(3,4-difluorophenyl) acetic acid, methyl ester (0.14 g, 0.635mmol) and triethylamine (0.27 ml, 1.9 mmol) were added and the reactionallowed to stir at room temperature. After 12 hours, ethyl acetate (10ml) and water (10 ml) were added, the organic layer was separated anddried over MgSO₄. The crude product was further purified by preparativeTLC (10/90, MeOH/methylene chloride), which yielded isomer A (0.055 g,15% yield) and isomer B (0.065 g 17% yield). Isomer A MS M+H=596; IsomerB MS M+H=596.

Reaction of the product of Preparative Example 7 with an appropriatelysubstituted alpha-chloro ester afforded the following Compound Numbers:150, 175 192, 200, and 206.

Preparative Example 8 Preparation of Table 1 Compound No. 395

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 7 (Isomer A, 0.053 g, 0.089 mmol) and dry tetrahydrofuran (0.9ml). Lithium borohydride (0.133 mL) of a 2 M solution in THF was addedand the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature. After 12 hoursthe reaction was diluted with methylene chloride (5 ml) and 1 N NaOHadded (2 ml). The organic layer separated and dried over MgSO₄. Thecrude product was further purified by preparative TLC (10/90,MeOH/methylene chloride) to afford the title compound, Isomer A (0.030g, 60% yield). Isomer A MS M+H=568.

Preparative Example 9 Preparation of Example No. 67

The product of Preparative Example 1 was reacted with N-4-chlorobenzylpiperidine-4-one under reductive amination conditions as in PreparativeExample 4 to provide the title compound.

Preparative Example 10 Preparation of Example No. 301—Lithium Salt

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 9 (0.85 g, 1.68 mmol), lithium hydroxide (2 ml of a 2 M LiOH inwater) and methanol (10 ml). After stirring for 12 hours, the reactionmixture was concentrated to a pale solid and used as is in the stepbelow. MS M+H=499.

Preparative Example 11 Preparation of Table 1 Compound No. 101

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 10 (0.060 g, 0.12 mmol), 2-methylsufonylethylamine (Array, 0.60g, 0.38 mmol), EDCl (0.075 mg, 0.39 mmol), HOBT (0.53 mg, 0.39 mmol),DIPEA (0.5 ml) and dimethylformamide (5 mL). The reaction was heated to80° C. for 5 hours, cooled and diluted with ethyl acetate. The reactionmixture was washed with water once, and the organic layer dried overNa₂SO₄. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC (10/90MeOH/methylene chloride) to afford the title compound (0.049 g, 68%yield).

The dihydrochloride was prepared by treating the title compound, freebase (49 mg, 0.08 mmol) dissolved in methanol (1 ml) with HCl (0.2 ml ofa 0.81 M in dioxane). After stirring 20 minutes, the reaction mixturewas concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound, dihydrochloridesalt (0.054 g, 100% yield).

Preparative Example 12 Preparation of Example No. 142

A round bottomed flask was charged with the product of PreparativeExample 5 (0.140 g, 0.34 mmol), 2-Carboxy-4-Chloro Bromomethylbenzenemethyl ester (0.11 g, 0.42 mmol), triethyl amine (0.5 ml) and methylenechloride (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight, and then transferred to a separatory funnel and washed with 1N NaOH.

The organic extract was dried over MgSO₄ and then concentrated in vacuoto an oil. Purification by Prep TLC using 94:6 Methylene chloride: MeOHeluent afforded the title compound (0.095 g, 47% yield). MS M+H=594.53.

Preparative Example 13 Preparation of Table 1 Compound No. 107

The product of Preparative Example 12 (0.090 g, 0.15 mmol) and dry THF(5 ml) were charged in a nitrogen flushed flask. Lithium Borohydride(0.25 ml of a 2 M THF solution) was added slowly at room temperature andallowed to stir overnight. After 16 hours, the reaction mixture wastransferred to a separatory funnel and 1 N NaOH added. The crude productwas extracted into methylene chloride (3×), the organic extractsconcentrated and further purified by prep TLC using 90:10 Methylenechloride: MeOH eluent to afford 0.081 g of the title compound (95%yield). MS M+H=566.

Preparative Example 14

A round bottomed flask was charged with methyl2-chloropyrazine-5-carboxylate (Lonza, 25.9 g, 145 mmol), 2-S-ethylpiperazine (prepared as per Williams et al J. Med. Chem 1996, 39, 1345,85% active, 28.0 g, 208 mmol), cesium carbonate (Aldrich, 110 g, 338mmol) and 1,4 dioxane (400 ml). The resulting suspension was stirred atroom temperature for 18 hours and then filtered. The solid was washedwith ethyl acetate (3×400 ml). The combined organic solutions wereconcentrated on a rotary evaporator to remove the solvent. The residuewas purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 5% to 10%methanol in dichloromethane as an eluent to provide A3 as a white solid(28.0 g, 77%).

Preparative Example 15

The starting materials A3 (28.0 g, 112 mmol), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate(24.5 g, 112 mmol), and dichloromethane (200 ml) were added to a 1000 mlflask. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 20hours, treated with 1.0 M aqueous NaOH solution (300 ml), and extractedwith dichloromethane (3×200 ml). The combined dichloromethane solutionswere dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated on a rotary evaporator toremove the solvent. The residue was dried on house vacuum to afford A4as a gel (42 g) which was used for the next reaction without furtherpurification.

Preparative Example 16

The compound A4 (crude, 42 g) and DMF (300 ml) were charged in a 1000 mlflask. To the stirring solution, NBS (32.0 g, 180 mmol) was added slowlyat room temperature. The resulting solution was maintained at the sametemperature with stirring for 17 hours, treated with saturated sodiumsulfite (200 ml), diluted with ethyl acetate, and separated. The organiclayer was washed with water (2×300 ml), dried over sodium sulfate, andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification of the residue byflash chromatography on silica gel using 3% methanol in dichloromethaneafforded A5 as an orange gel (47 g, 98% for 2 steps).

Preparative Example 17

A round bottomed flask was charged with A5 (49.8 g, 116 mmol),trifluoroacetic acid (Acros, 100 ml), and dichloromethane (Aldrich, 100ml). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 4.5hours and concentrated to remove the acid. The residue was treated withsolid potassium carbonate (35 g), water (100 ml) and 1.0 M NaOH solutionat 0° C. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (4×300 ml) andthe combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried on housevacuum to provide A6 as a brown oil (36.20 g) which was used for thenext reaction without purification.

Preparative Example 18

A round-bottomed flask was charged with A6 (36.0 g, 110 mmol), N—Bocpiperidine-4-one (70.0 g, 351 mmol), and 1,2-dichloroethane (600 ml).The reducing reagent NaB(OAc)₃H (70.0 g, 330 mmol) was added slowly withstirring. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 3days before it was treated with 1.0 M sodium hydroxide (800 ml)solution. The mixture was separated and the aqueous solution wasextracted with dichloromethane (2×500 ml). The combined organicsolutions were dried on sodium sulfate and concentrated on a rotaryevaporator. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silicagel using 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes and 2% methanol indichloromethane as an eluent to provide A7 as a red gel (38.0 g, 68%).

Preparative Example 19

A round-bottomed flask was charged with A7 (10.87 g, 21.21 mmol),methylboronic acid (Aldrich, 3.82 g, 63.82 mmol), potassium carbonate(Aldrich, 15.0 g, 109 mmol), and DMF (100 ml). The resulting suspensionwas degassed for 30 min via bubbling nitrogen prior to the addition ofdichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (Aldrich, 1.5 g, 2.1mmol). The reaction mixture was maintained at 85° C. for 20 hours withstirring, cooled to room temperature, and filtered. The filtrate wasdiluted with ethyl acetate (800 ml), washed with water (4×300 ml), driedon sodium sulfate, and concentrated on rotary evaporator. The residuewas purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 2% methanol indichloromethane as an eluent to afford A8 as a red gel (5.95 g, 62%).

Preparative Example 20

Step A

Benzaldehyde (19 mL, 19 g, 0.18 mol) was added to a solution ofD-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride (25 g, 0.18 mol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (300mL). The solution was stirred at 22° C. for 19 h. The reaction mixturewas cooled with an ice-water bath and solid sodium triacetoxyborohydride(46 g, 0.22 mol) was added in portions over ˜15 min. The cooling bathwas removed and the milky white solution was stirred at 22° C. for 7 h.The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure andthe resulting slush was partitioned between EtOAc (˜100 mL) and 1 N HCl(˜400 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (˜50 mL). Theaqueous layer was adjusted to pH ˜10 with 1 N NaOH (450 mL) and themilky aqueous layer was extracted immediately with EtOAc (3×250 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine (˜250 mL), dried overanhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure toafford N-benzyl-D-alanine methyl ester (28 g, 80%) as a colorlesssemi-solid.

Step B.

To a solution of N-benzyl-D-alanine methyl ester (28 g, 0.15 mol) andEDCl.HCl (30.6 g, 0.160 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) was added a solution ofN—Boc-2(S)-aminobutyric acid (29.5 g, 0.145 mol; Anaspec, Inc.) inCH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 22° C. for 16 h.Additional N—Boc-2(S)-aminobutyric acid (5.9 g, 29 mmol) and EDCl.HCl(11.1 g, 58 mmol) and DMF (20 mL) were added. After 1 day, the solventswere removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved inEtOAc. The organic solution was washed with 0.5 N aqueous HCl, saturatedaq. sodium carbonate, brine, and was then dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate. Subsequent filtration and concentration gave a colorless oil

The oil was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) and HCl gas was bubbled intothe stirred solution for 1.5 h. After removal of solvent under reducedpressure, the resulting white solid was suspended in EtOAc (500 mL) andaqueous NaHCO₃ solution (150 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 18h. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried overanhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give Compound A35 (21.9g, 61% over 2 steps).

Step C.

The diketopiperazine A35 (21.9 g, 89 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (500mL). Powdered LiAlH₄ (10.1 g, 267 mmol) was added cautiously and inportions over ˜30 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 22° C. for 1h, at 65° C. for 1 d, and then at 22° C. for a further 24 h. Thereaction was quenched by cautious dropwise addition of water (10 mL)over 1 h. 1 N aqueous NaOH solution (20 mL) and water (30 mL) were addedsequentially and the milky white reaction mixture was stirred at rt for1 h. The white gelatinous precipitate that formed was removed byfiltration through Celite®. The filter cake was washed copiously withEtOAc (˜500 mL). The combined filtrates were evaporated. The residue wasdissolved in Et₂O (˜500 mL) and then taken to dryness to afford2(S)-ethyl-4-benzyl-5(R)-methylpiperazine (18.4 g, 93%) as a pale goldenyellow oil.

The piperazine above (18.3 g, 84 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL)and solid di-t-butyl dicarbonate (18.3 g, 84 mmol) was added. Afterstirring for 30 min at rt, the solvent was removed and the resultingyellow liquid was purified by flash column chromatography, eluting with3:1 hexanes-Et₂O, to afford1-Boc-2(S)-ethyl-4-benzyl-5(R)-methylpiperazine (A36) as a clear,colorless liquid (24.9 g, 93%).

Step D.

A mixture of 1-Boc-2(S)-ethyl-4-benzyl-5(R)-methylpiperazine (A36; 13.6g, 43 mmol), glacial acetic acid (2.5 mL) and 10% Pd/C (4.5 g) inmethanol (150 mL) was shaken under H₂ atmosphere (50 psi) for 24 h. Themixture was filtered through Celite® and the filter cake was washedcopiously with EtOAc (˜500 mL). The combined filtrates were dried overanhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure toafford a clear colorless oil. Further co-evaporation with CH₂Cl₂ (200mL) and Et₂O (2×200 mL) gave the desired1-Boc-2(S)-ethyl-5(R)-methylpiperazine acetic acid salt (A37, 9.7 g) asa viscous oil.

Preparative Example 21

1-Boc-2(S)-ethyl-5(R)-methylpiperazine acetic acid salt (10 g) wasdissolved in dichloromethane (100 mL) and treated with triethylamine (4mL, 3 g). Solvent was evaporated and the residue was passed through asilica gel column, eluting with 3% methanol (containing ammonia) indichloromethane, to give 1-Boc-2(S)-ethyl-5(R)-methylpiperazine freebase (7.2 g).

A round bottomed flask was charged with methyl2-chloropyrazine-5-carboxylate (Lonza, 4.83 g, 28 mmol),1-Boc-2(S)-ethyl-5(R)-methylpiperazine free base (6.4 g, 28 mmol),cesium carbonate (Aldrich, 14 g, 42 mmol) and 1,4 dioxane (100 ml). Theresulting suspension was stirred at 100° C. for 2 d and then filtered.The solid was washed with ethyl acetate (3×400 ml). The combined organicsolutions were concentrated on a rotary evaporator to remove thesolvent. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gelusing 1% methanol (containing 10% ammonium hydroxide) in dichloromethaneas an eluent to provide A38 (9.0 g, 90%), as a beige solid

Preparative Example 22

The compound A38 (9.0 g, 25 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (60 mL) andN-chlorosuccinimide (4.2 g, 32 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirredat rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (500mL) and washed sequentially with water (2×250 mL) and brine (250 mL).The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered,and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford A39 (7.95 g, 81%) as apale yellow solid.

Preparative Example 23

The compound A39 (7.95 g, 20 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (15 mL) andwas treated with HCl (25 mL, 4 M in dioxane, 100 mmol). After stirringfor 3 h at rt, solvent was removed to afford a yellow crude product. Thecrude product was taken up in methanol (100 mL), treated withtriethylamine (10 mL), the solution concentrated under reduced pressure,and the residue purified by flash column chromatography, eluting with4.5% methanol (containing ammonia) in dichloromethane. The desiredproduct A40 (4.8 g, 81%).

Reaction of the Example No. 301-Lithium salt with an appropriatelysubstituted amine as in example 11 above afforded the following CompoundNumbers: 61, 65, 102, 105, 110, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 227,229, 230, 233, 238, 245, 264, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 313, and 314.

Isolation of the compound at various stages of the reaction may beachieved by standard techniques such as, for example, filtration,evaporation of solvent and the like. Purification of the product, anintermediate and the like, may also be performed by standard techniquessuch as recrystallization, distillation, sublimation, chromatography,conversion to a suitable derivative which may be recrystallized andconverted back to the starting compound, and the like. Such techniquesare well known to those skilled in the art.

The prepared compounds may be analyzed for their composition and purityas well as characterized by standard analytical techniques such as, forexample, elemental analysis, NMR, mass spectroscopy, and IRspectroscopy.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES

The inventive compounds can readily be evaluated to determine activityat the CXCR3 receptors by known methods, such as, for example,development of a human CXCR3 (N-delta 4) Binding Assay.

Cloning and Expression of Human CXCR3 (N-delta 4):

The DNA encoding human CXCR3 was cloned by PCR using human genomic DNA(Promega, Madison, Wis.) as a template. The PCR primers were designedbased on the published sequence of human orphan receptor GPR9 (1) withincorporated restriction sites, a Kozak consensus sequence, CD8 leaderand Flag tag. The PCR product was subcloned into the mammalianexpression vector pME18Sneo, a derivative of the SR-alpha expressionvector (designated as pME18Sneo-hCXCR3 (N-delta 4).

IL-3-dependent mouse pro-B cells Ba/F3 were transfected byelectroporation in 0.4 ml Dulbecco's PBS containing 4×10⁶ cells with 20μg of pME18Sneo-hCXCR3 (N-delta 4) plasmid DNA. Cells were pulsed at 400Volts, 100 OHMs, 960 μFd. The transfected cells were under selectionwith 1 mg/ml G418 (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). G418-resistantBa/F3 clones were screened for CXCR3 expression by specific binding of[¹²⁵I] IP-10 (NEN Life Science Products, Boston, Mass.).

Preparation of Ba/F3-hCXCR3 (N-delta 4) Membranes:

Ba/F3 cells expressing human CXCR3 (N-delta 4) were pelleted andresuspended in the lysis buffer containing 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5 andComplete® protease inhibitors (1 tablet per 100 ml) (BoehringerMannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.) at a cell density of 20×10⁶ cells per ml.After 5 minute incubation on ice, cells were transferred to 4639 celldisruption bomb (Parr Instrument, Moline, Ill.) and applied with 1,500psi of nitrogen for 30 minutes on ice. Large cellular debris was removedby centrifugation at 1,000×g. Cell membrane in the supernatant wassedimented at 100,000×g. The membrane was resuspended in the lysisbuffer supplemented with 10% sucrose and stored at −80° C. Total proteinconcentration of the membrane was determined by BCA method from Pierce(Rockford, Ill.).

Human CXCR3 (N-delta 4) Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA):

For each assay point, 2 μg of membrane was preincubated for 1 hr with300 μg wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) coated SPA beads (Amersham, ArlingtonHeights, Ill.) in the binding buffer (50 mM HEPES, 1 mM CaCl₂, 5 mMMgCl₂, 125 mM NaCl, 0.002% NaN₃, 1.0% BSA) at room temperature. Thebeads were spun down, washed once, resuspended in the binding buffer andtransferred to a 96-well Isoplate (Wallac, Gaithersburg, Md.). 25 pM of[¹²⁵I] IP-10 with tested compounds in a series of titration were addedto start the reaction. After 3 hr reaction at room temperature, theamount of [¹²⁵I] IP-10 bound to the SPA beads was determined with aWallac 1450 Microbeta counter.

The Ki ratings for the various compounds of the present invention aregiven in the afore-mentioned Table 1. From these ratings and valueranges, it would be apparent to the skilled artisan that the compoundsof the invention have excellent utility as CXCR3 receptor antagonists.

While the present invention has been describe in conjunction with thespecific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modificationsand variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill inthe art. All such alternatives, medications and variations are intendedto fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

1. A compound having the structure shown in Formula 1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein: X is N, O, alkyl,or heteroaryl; ring D is a phenyl ring unsubstituted or optionallysubstituted with independently selected R²⁰ moieties as stated below; R¹and R² are independently absent or present, and if present each isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy,alkenyl, carbonyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl-, cycloalkenyl,alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aryl, amino, alkylamino, amidinyl, carboxamido,cyano, hydroxyl, urea, —N≡CH, ═NCN, (CH₂)_(q)CH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)CF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂,—(CH₂)_(q)-amidinyl, cyclopropylhydroxy, cyclobutylhydroxy,cyclopentylhydroxy, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, —C(═S)N(H)alkyl,—N(H)—S(O)₂-alkyl, —N(H)C(═O)N(H)-alkyl, —S(O)₂alkyl, —S(O)₂N(H)alkyl,—S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, —S(O)₂aryl, —C(═S)N(H)cycloalkyl, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂,—C(═O))alkyl, —CH₂CH₂Ophenyl, —CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂, —C(═O)NHcyclopropyl,—C(═O)N(H)CH₂CF₃, —S(O)₂CH₂CF₃, —S(O)₂CF₃, -heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, difluorophenyl, aminooxadiazolyl, fluorophenylmethylene,trifluoromethylphenylmethylene, cyanophenylmethylene,difluorophenylmethylene, bromophenylmethylene, chlorophenylmethylene,bromochlorophenylmethylene, fluorochlorophenylmethylene,dichlorophenylmethylene, methoxylphenylmethylene, —CH₂-cyclopropyl,cyclohexylmethylene, 5-methyl-isoxazolyl, chloropyridyl,pyridylmethylene,

or alternatively when X is N, the N taken together with the R¹ and R²forms a heterocycyl, heteroaryl or —N═C(NH₂)₂; R³ is selected from thegroup consisting of H, alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen, —N(R³⁰)₂, and —OR³⁰;R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of H and —N(R³⁰)₂; R⁷ and R⁸taken together are ═O; the R¹⁰ moieties can be the same or different,each being independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, and —OR³⁰; the R¹¹ moieties can be thesame or different, each being independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, carboxamide, and —OR³⁰; R¹² is selected from thegroup consisting of H and alkyl; the R²⁰ moieties can be the same ordifferent, each being independently selected from the group consistingof H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkylaryl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino,alkylthiocarboxy, alkylheteroaryl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl,alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl, amidinyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl,aralkoxy, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkylthio, aryl, aroyl, aryloxy, cyano,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, formyl, guanidinyl, halogen, haloalkyl,heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, hydroxyalkyl,haloalkoxy, hydroxamate, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy,—(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰,—C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NR³⁰)NHR³⁰, —C(═NOH)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NOR³¹)N(R³⁰)₂,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹),—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)S(O)₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰,—OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰, —SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹),—O(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, and —OSi(R³⁰)₃; or alternatively two R²⁰ moieties arelinked together to form a five or six membered aryl, cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl ring wherein said five orsix membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, orheteroaryl ring is fused to ring D and the fused ring is optionallysubstituted with 0-4 R²¹ moieties; the R²¹ moieties can be the same ordifferent, each being independently selected from the group consistingof H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkylaryl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino,alkylthiocarboxy, alkylheteroaryl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl,alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl, amidinyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl,aralkoxy, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkylthio, aryl, aroyl, aryloxy,carboxamido, cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, formyl, guanidinyl,halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxamate, nitro, trifluoromethoxy,—(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹ )₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹ )₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰,—C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NR³⁰)NHR³⁰, —C(═NOH)N(R³⁰)₂, —C(═NOR³¹)N(R³⁰)₂,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹),—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹), —N(R³⁰)S(O)₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰,—OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰, —SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹), —OSO₂(R³¹), and—OSi(R³⁰)₃; Y is selected from the group consisting of —(CR¹³R¹³)_(r)—,—(CHR¹³)_(r)O—, —C(═O)—, —C(═NR³⁰)—, —(C(H)(heteroaryl))—,—(CHR¹³)_(r)C(═O)— and —(CHR¹³)_(r)N(H)C(═O)—; the R¹³ moieties can bethe same or different, each being independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, alkyl, —CO₂H, —C(═O)OR³¹, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—(CHR³⁰)_(q)OH, —(CHR³⁰)_(q)OR³¹, —(CHR³⁰)_(q)NH₂, and—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹; the R³⁰ moieties can be the same or different, eachbeing independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl,aralkyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaralkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)N(alkyl)₂,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkyl, and —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkyl;the R³¹ moieties can be the same or different, each being independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)Oalkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHalkyl,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHaralkyl, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂alkyl,and —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHalkyl; m is 0 to 4; n is 0 to 4; p is 0 to 5; each qcan be the same or different, each being independently selected from 1to 5; and r is 1 to 4; with the proviso that there are no two adjacentdouble bonds in any ring, and that when a nitrogen is substituted by twoalkyl groups, said two alkyl groups may be optionally joined to eachother to form a ring.
 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹and R² are independently absent or present, and if present each isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl,amino, alkoxy, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl-, cycloalkenyl,arylalkyl, amidinyl, carboxamido, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclenyl, urea, —S(O)₂alkyl, —S(O)₂N(H)alkyl, —S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, and—C(═S)N(H)cycloalkyl.
 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹and R² are independently absent or present, and if present each isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, alkylaryl,alkyl-cycloalkyl-, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(q)CF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OH,—(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)N(R³¹ )₂,—(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)-amidinyl, cyclopropyl,cyclopropylhydroxyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutylhydroxy, cyclopentyl, andcyclopentylhydroxy; and q is an integer from 1 to
 5. 4. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein R¹ and R² are independently absent orpresent, and if present each is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, —CH₃, fluorophenylmethylene,trifluoromethylphenylmethylene, indanyl, cyanophenylmethylene,difluorophenylmethylene, bromophenylmethylene, chlorophenylmethylene,—CH₂CH₂Ophenyl, cyclopentyl, bromochlorophenylmethylene,fluorochlorophenylmethylene, dichlorophenylmethylene, phenylmethylene,—(CH₂)₃phenyl, —CH₂CF₃, methoxylphenylmethylene, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C₂H₅,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, —(CH₂)₂CH₃, cyclohexylmethylene, cyclohexyl,—CH₂CH₂SO₂CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH₂, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, cyclopropyl, CH₃-cyclopropyl,isoxazolyl, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —NH₂, pyrazolyl, 5-methyl-isoxazolyl,—CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂, —OCH₃, —NHC(═O)NH₂, chloropyridyl, pyridylmethylene,—C(═O)NHcyclopropyl, —C(═O)N(H)C₂H₅, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CF₃,—C(═O)N(H)C(CH₃)₃, —C(═S)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)CH₃,—S(O)₂CH₃, —S(O)₂N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃, —S(O)₂(CH₂)₂CH₃,—C(═O)N(H)cyclohexyl, —C(═NH )NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)CH(CH₃)₂,thiazolyl, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂ , —S(O)₂CH₂CF₃, —S(O)₂CF₃,

or when X is N, the N taken together with the R¹ and R² to which X isshown attached, forms an aziridine, azetidine, piperidine or


5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹ and R² areindependently absent or present, and if present each is independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, —CH₃, —C₂H₅,difluorophenylmethylene, cyclopropyl, CH₃-cyclopropyl-,dichlorophenylmethylene, —CH(CH₃)₂, cyclohexylmethylene, cyclohexyl,isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, aminooxadiazoyl, difluorophenyl, —CH₂CH₂OH,—CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)N(H)C₂H₅, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CF₃,—C(═O)N(H)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)C(CH₃)₃, —C(═S)N(H)cyclopropyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —S(O)₂CH₃, —S(O)₂N(CH₃)₂, —S(O)₂CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃,—S(O)₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, —C(═O)N(H)cyclohexyl, —C(═NH)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)NH₂,thiazolyl,


6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X is selected from thegroup consisting of N, O, —CH₃, —CH₂—, —CH, —CH₂CH₃, and


7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is selected from thegroup consisting of H, alkyl, halogen, —N(R³⁰)₂ , —OR³⁰ and —CF₃.
 8. Thecompound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —F, —Cl, OCH₃, and CF₃.
 9. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein R⁶ is selected from the group consistingof H and —NH₂.
 10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹⁰ isselected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃ and —CH₂CH₂CH₃, andm is 0-2.
 11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹² is selectedfrom the group consisting of H, —CH₃, and —CH₂CH₃.
 12. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein the phenyl ring D is substituted byindependently selected 1-4 R²⁰ moieties.
 13. The compound according toclaim 1, wherein the R²⁰ moieties can be the same or different, eachbeing independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl,alkylaryl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylheteroaryl, alkylsulfinyl,alkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl, amidinyl, aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryl, aryloxy,cyano, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, halogen, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl,heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, hydroxyalkyl, trifluoromethyl,trifluoromethoxy, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,-alkynylC(R³¹)₂R³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —O(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹,—N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)SO₂(R³¹),—N(R³⁰)SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —SR³⁰, —SO₂N(R³⁰)₂, —SO₂(R³¹),—OSO₂(R³¹), —O(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, and —OSi(R³⁰)₃.
 14. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein the R²⁰ moieties can be the same ordifferent, each being independently selected from the group consistingof H, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, halogen, CN, CH₃, CF₃, OCH₃, OCF₃,—(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹ )₂R³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰,—C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹, —NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰,—OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —O(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹ and —OSO₂(R³¹).
 15. The compoundaccording to claim 1, wherein two R²⁰ moieties are linked together toform a five or six membered aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl,heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring wherein said five or six membered aryl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclenyl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl ring is fusedto ring D and the fused ring is optionally substituted with 0 to 4 R²¹moieties.
 16. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the R²⁰moieties can be the same or different, each being independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, —CN, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃,—NH₂, —NHCH₃, —OCF₃, —OH, F, Cl, Br, —C(═NOH)NH₂, —OCH₂CH₂S(O₂)CH₃,—C(═O)NH₂,


17. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Y is selected from thegroup consisting of: —(CHR¹³)_(r)—, —(CR¹³R¹³)_(r)—, —C(═O)— and—CHR¹³C(═O)—.
 18. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Y isselected from the group consisting of: —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH(CH₂OH)—,—C(═O)— and —CH(CO₂alkyl)-.
 19. The compound according to claim 1,wherein m is 0-3.
 20. The compound according to claim 1, wherein n is0-2.
 21. The compound according to claim 1, wherein q is 1, 2 or
 3. 22.The compound according to claim 1, wherein r is 1 or
 2. 23. The compoundaccording to claim 1 , wherein X is N; R¹ and R² are independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, alkylaryl, aryl, heteroaryl,—(CH₂)_(q)CF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OH, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NH₂,—(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)—N(R³¹)₂, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)-amidinyl, cyclopropyl, alkyl-cyclopropyl-,cyclopropylhydroxyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutylhydroxy, cyclopentyl, andcyclopentylhydroxy; R³ is selected from the group consisting of H,alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen, —N(R³⁰)₂ , —OR³⁰ and —CF₃; R⁶ is selectedfrom the group consisting of H and —N(R³⁰); R⁷ and R⁸ taken together are═O; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl; R¹¹ is H;R¹² is selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl; the R²⁰moieties can be the same or different, each being independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, halogen, CN, CH₃,CF₃, OCH₃, OCF₃, —(CH₂)_(q)OR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHR³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)C(═O)NHR³¹,—(CH₂)_(q)SO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)NHSO₂R³¹, —(CH₂)_(q)SO₂NHR³¹, -alkynylC(R³¹)₂OR³¹, —C(═O)R³⁰, —C(═O)OR³⁰, —N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)R³¹,—NHC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —N(R³⁰)C(═O)OR³¹, —N(R³⁰)C(═NCN)N(R³⁰)₂,—N(R³⁰)C(═O)N(R³⁰)₂, —OR³⁰, —OC(═O)N(R³⁰)₂,

Y is selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂—, —CH(CH₂OH)—, —C(═O)—and —CH(CO₂alkyl)-; m is 0-2; n is 0-2; and q is 1 or
 2. 24. Thecompound according to claim 1, represented by the following structuralFormula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the various termsare as defined in claim
 1. 25. A compound selected from the groupconsisting of: Com- pound No. Compound Structure 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

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147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

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164

165

166

167

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170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

215A

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

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261

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263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

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273

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275

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291

292

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301

302

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309

310

311

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315

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327

328

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349

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351

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381

382

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385

386

387

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389

390

391

392

393

394

395

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397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

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446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

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457

458

459

460

461

462

463

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465

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468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

and 492

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 26. The compoundaccording to claim 25, selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 27. A compound of Formula7, Formula 8, Formula 9, Formula 10, Formula 11, Formula 12, Formula 13,Formula 14, Formula 15, Formula 16, or Formula 17:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising at least one compound of claim 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 29. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising at least one compound of claim 25 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.